img_0074.jpg

 

  这两天公司搬家,实在是累死了——

  从礼拜五开始到今天,都是1点以后才到家。休整以后第二天早上又赶去上班….. 

  明天大家就要开始到新公司上班了,呵呵。不知道大家到了新公司以后是什么感觉?时间不早了,睡了….

 

dscf0126.jpg

 

  时间过得飞快,一晃一年时间又过去了。又到了一年一度的小弹簧的生日,呵呵。

  让我们大家一起来恭祝小弹簧:

  生日快乐!万事如意!心想事成!事事如意!……(此处省去各种祝福用词5k)

  到今天为止,小弹簧已经正式工作一年零八天了。经历了从车间工人到办公室白领的转变。也算修成正果了吧,不过今后的路还很长,需要慢慢的去磨炼、去体会。不过我相信小弹簧一定可以超越自我,越做越好的!因为有我在为你加油、打气嘛!嘿嘿~

2007.08.08

Yours G0dspeed

Some blogs educate, help people collaborate, spark ideas and just plain expand our thought universe. Others stir emotions and anger us or make us laugh. The editors of Computerworld got together and offered up a list of their favorite blog sites. We pared more than 50 submissions to the top 15 technology blog sites based on breadth of information, newsworthiness, design, frequency of updates and entertainment value.

Sure, the list is subjective, but we think this is one of the best catalogs of blogs that has ever been published. The entries ran the gamut, from serious technology news and reviews to commentary on games and the latest tech gadgets. We included some honorable mentions at the end because the competition was so close.

Of course, not everyone will agree with our selections. If you think a blog site that‘s not on our list deserved a top 15 spot, share it with us in the comments section.

1) Lifehacker
www.lifehacker.com
Lifehackers‘ motto says it all: “Don‘t live to geek, geek to live.” This blog offers timesavers of just about every stripe, from Firefox shortcuts to tips from the “Getting things done” faithful.

2) IT Toolbox Blogs
http://blogs.ittoolbox.com
IT Toolbox has a number of “in the trenches” IT pros who talk about technology and management issues. There are specialist blogs dealing with security, databases and project management, among other subjects. It‘s a versatile site.

3) Valleywag
http://valleywag.com
Bring in the noise, bring in the snark. Valleywag is for those who believe that the tech industry lives or dies by the scuttlebutt pinging around Silicon Valley. And it‘s amusing for those of us who prefer that the lotus-eaters of Northern California stick with the dishing and tongue-wagging, leaving the rest of us to get the real work done.

4) Kotaku
http://kotaku.com
Kotaku is the snarky, gamer uber-blog. It has everything from reviews and gossip to cheat tips. Just about anything you‘ll ever need, including which game to buy and how to play it.

5) Danger Room
http://blog.wired.com/defense
Wired‘s military and defense blog writes about some of the coolest and scariest military technologies — not to mention scandals, debates and other military news. Lots of video and imagery are included.

6) Gizmodo
http://gizmodo.com
Gizmodo‘s got the scoop on all the latest toys and cool and wacky inventions — from high-def TVs and coffee makers to booze belts and USB drives. You‘ve got to love a site that publishes photos of a solar-powered bathing suit. Yeah, they also blog about serious technology news too.

7) O‘Reilly Radar
http://radar.oreilly.com
This is where you can read Tim O‘Reilly (founder of O‘Reilly Publishing) and others discuss networking, programming, open source, intellectual property, politics, Web 2.0 and emerging technology.

8) Techdirt
http://www.techdirt.com
Techdirt is a newsy, “tell it like it is” blog that frequently features debates on the hot issues in the Internet and computer fields. Scandals are a specialty. Simplicity is its hallmark.

9) Groklaw
http://www.groklaw.net
Groklaw‘s raison d‘etre is needling SCO in its long-running legal fights against IBM and Novell, but the discussion sometimes veers toward other issues that involve technology, intellectual property, and government regulations.

10) Hack a Day
http://www.hackaday.com
Want to learn how to add USB to a cheap Linux router? Create a snake robot? How about an XBox 360 laptop? Hack a Day has these basement projects and many more. This site is for the serious techie. At the same time, it‘s good for a laugh or a new hobby.

11) Engadget
http://www.engadget.com
As Coke is to Pepsi, so Engadget is to Gizmodo. It‘s all about gear, gossip, techish issues and the occasional rant. It‘s got great product photos, and the editors have access to pre- and early-release gadgetry. Also, some really funny homemade junk. But we prefer Gizmodo.

12) Feedster
Like drinking from the hose. This Web page brings together blog sites about technology, sports, celebrity gossip, food, personal experiences — you name it. It also offers a blog search feature that allows you to input words or phrases, and it has a very cool RSS aggregator for news feeds. It also injects some great humor into technology news. An all-around great site.

13) Forever Geek
http://forevergeek.com
Forever Geek is a great site with a myriad blogs on diverse topics, from technology and general interest news to movie and game reviews. Definitely a geek paradise. If you want to learn about the upcoming Iron Man movie or read a review of Photoshop CS3, this is the place to go.

14) Rough Type
www.roughtype.com
Nick Carr — of “Does IT Matter?” fame — has a sharp-minded blog that discusses all manner of issues and trends relating to technology. Always an entertaining read, Rough Type often locks horns with companies, people, technologies and policies that rub Carr the wrong way.

15) Smorgasbord
www.smorgasbord.net
Billed as a site for gadget- and game-loving geeks, this blog also serves up articles that cross over into the political and celebrity news of the day. The combination of entertainment value and tech news make Smorgasbord a top contender.

Honorable mentions:

1) The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW)
www.tuaw.com
TUAW offers collection of independent bloggers — that is independent but not undecided or uninformed. It‘s a good source for Apple-related news. The only reason it didn‘t make the top 15 was its singular topic focus.

2) Elliot Back‘s blog
http://elliottback.com/wp
A self-professed computer scientist, Elliot posts everything from his opinions on why XML sucks, to the Titanic‘s passenger list and reviews of movies like 300. This site is diverse and well composed, offering great tips on topics such as increasing system performance and blocking spam.

3) Ed Foster‘s Gripelog
www.gripe2ed.com/scoop
There is a new crop of blogs that highlight poor customer service for consumer electronics, bad UIs and outright rip-offs, but Ed Foster has been doing it longer than anyone else. Check out these recent topics: Defective DRM, tricky warranties on plasma TVs and bad mobile phone service.

4) Gadgetell
www.gadgetell.com
This is a great site if you want to get the latest gadget and game news along with some topical opinion pieces.

5) 4sysops
http://4sysops.com
This is a very useful with well-written tips and how-to‘s for Windows admins.

 


 

在互联网世界当中,博客网站的种类是多种多样的。它们中的一些旨在教导、帮助人们交流协作、激发灵感,并拓展我们的思维空间。而另一些博客则侧重于激发我们的情感,让我们感到愤怒,或是让我们开怀大笑。《电脑世界(Computerworld)》网站的编辑们这些优秀博客网站搜集整理在了一起,为我们提供了一份最受他们所钟爱的博客网站的列表。最后,我们根据这些博客自身的信息广度、新闻价值、网站设计、更新频率以及娱乐价值,将这份50多位候选人的大名单做了进一步的缩减,最终得到了这份15个世界最顶级的技术类博客网站排行榜。

不错,这份排名的确包含了很大的主观成分,但是我们认为它是有史以来发表过的此类博客网站的最棒的排行榜之一。这份名单所涵盖的范围非常广泛:从严肃的技术性新闻,到对电脑游戏测评和评论,再到新潮消费者电子产品介绍。我们同时也在本份名单的最后增加了一些“荣誉提名”,因为这次排名的竞争是如此的激烈,让我们感到很难取舍。

当然了,肯定不会是每一个人都赞同我们的观点。如果你认为有某个博客网站非常的优秀,而又没有出现在我们的“前15名排行榜“中的话,请在本文后面的评论当中留言与我们分享。

1) 生活骇客(Lifehacker)

www.lifehacker.com

生活骇客(Lifehacker)的座右铭表达了它的全部理念:“不要为技术而生活,要为生活而关注技术!”这个博客提供了有关于各方各面的“时间节省”小贴士,从Firefox网络浏览器的快捷操作,到来自“时间管理教”忠实信徒的谆谆教诲。

2) IT工具箱博客(IT Toolbox Blogs)

http://blogs.ittoolbox.com

IT工具箱博客(IT Toolbox Blogs)有着一大群“战斗在第一线”的IT专家们讨论有关于技术和IT管理的话题。它拥有一系列专业性的博客在处理跟IT安全、数据库、项目管理和其它等等相关的问题。这是一个包罗万象的网站。

3) 硅谷闲话(Valleywag)

http://valleywag.com

“众口铄金,积毁销骨”。硅谷闲话(Valleywag)是专门为那些相信“在技术行业中的生死在很大程度上都取决于硅谷周围所传播的闲话”的人准备的。对于那些热衷于制造、听闻和传播硅谷谣言的那些人来说,这个网站凭借着其卓越的“专业素养”而让人大为惊叹。

4) Kotaku

http://kotaku.com

Kotaku是电脑游戏爱好者的“加油站”。它拥有跟电脑游戏有关的一切,从对游戏的测评,到相关的讨论和扯淡,再到作弊技巧。这里有你所需要的一切,比如某款游戏到哪里去购买,以及怎样进行玩耍。

5) 威胁空间(Danger Room)

http://blog.wired.com/defense

《连线(Wired)》杂志所推出的军事和防卫博客网站,它向读者介绍了这个世界上最新、最酷、最令人震撼的军事技术——更不用提那些丑闻、争论和其它类型的军事新闻。网站中还提供了许多视频和图片。

6) 小发明(Gizmodo)

http://gizmodo.com

小发明(Gizmodo)网站专门为读者挖掘全世界最新、最酷、或是最稀奇古怪的技术发明——从高清晰电视、到咖啡机、到弹力腰带,再到USB驱动器。是的,他们同样也发布那些严肃的技术性新闻。

7) O‘Reilly 雷达(O‘Reilly Radar)

http://radar.oreilly.com

这是你能够阅读到Tim O‘Reilly(著名的O‘Reilly出版公司的创始人)和其它人讨论有关于网络、编程、开放源代码运动、知识产权、政策、Web 2.0和其它前沿科技的地方。

8) 技术丑闻(Techdirt)

http://www.techdirt.com

技术丑闻(Techdirt)是一个话题中心,以在当前的互联网和电脑领域的热门事件上引发激烈争论而闻名。流言蜚语是它的所爱!简洁是它的特点!

9) Groklaw

http://www.groklaw.net

Groklaw网站的原本存在目的是支持SCO公司对IBM和Novell公司所发起的漫长的专利侵权诉讼,但是不知道什么时候,这里的讨论转向了其它方面,话题包括了技术、知识产权以及政府法规。

10) 改造一整天(Hack a Day)

http://www.hackaday.com

想要学习怎样为一个廉价的Linux路由器添加一个USB设备吗?想要制作一个蛇形机器人吗?或是将自己的XBox 360游戏机改造成一台笔记本?“改造一整天(Hack a Day)”上提供了这些地下室项目,以及其它更多有趣的项目。这个网站是为那些真正有一定技术素养,喜欢自己动手改造技术产品的玩家所准备的。但与此同时,你也可以在这里发现很多乐趣,说不定还会从中开发出一项新的爱好。

11)小玩意儿(Engadget)

http://www.engadget.com

就像可口可乐和百事可乐的关系一样,小玩意儿(Engadget)和小发明(Gizmodo)就像是一对孪生兄弟。它也是专注于技术产品相关的介绍、评论,有时候也会有充满激情的演讲和辩论。小玩意儿(Engadget)上充满了摄制精美的产品图片,而它网站的编辑们还有着广泛的内部渠道,可以在新潮的技术产品还处于先期或早期发布阶段,就可以一睹它们的芳容。同样的,小玩意儿(Engadget)上面也会刊登一些真正非常有趣的手工制作的玩意儿。但是,我们更喜欢小发明(Gizmodo)一点。

12) Feedster

一切都是那么的水到渠成。这个网站汇集了各种各样的博客站点,包括技术类、体育类、名人八卦、美食、个人体验等等等等——只要你能想到的,它都拥有。同时,它还提高了卓越的站内搜索功能,以及一个非常酷的RSS新闻阅读软件。它在技术新闻里面加入了非常出色的幽默感。这真是一个各方面都很优秀的网站。

13) 永远的骇客(Forever Geek)

http://forevergeek.com

永远的骇客(Forever Geek)是一个非常棒的网站,它有无数的博客文章,覆盖了多种多样的话题,从技术,到大众新闻,到好莱坞电影,再到电脑游戏测评。这绝对是一个骇客的天堂。假如你想要了解即将上映的好莱坞巨片《变形金刚》的最新消息,或是阅读一篇有关于Photoshop CS3软件的测评,这就是你应该去的地方。

14)粗鲁的文字(Rough Type)

www.roughtype.com

Nick Carr(笔名“Does IT Matter?”)撰写的一个思想锐利的博客,专门讨论与技术相关的各种各样的话题和趋势。他的文章文笔优美,让人阅读起来津津有味,但是同时也会常常激烈那些被批评的公司、人物、技术和政策。

15) 自助餐(Smorgasbord)

www.smorgasbord.net

作为一个为那些喜爱数码产品和电脑游戏的骇客们所专门打造的站点,这个网站同样也提供最新的有关于政治和名人的新闻。这种娱乐价值和技术新闻的战略组合,让自助餐(Smorgasbord)跻身于最优秀者的行列。

荣誉提名:

1) 苹果(Apple)非官方博客 (TUAW)

www.tuaw.com

TUAW集结了许多独立的博客——这些独立的博客虽然和苹果公司官方没有正式的关系,但是这并不意味着他们的信息不充分、意见没有影响力。这是一个了解苹果公司相关新闻的最好来源。它没有跻身前15名的唯一原因是它太过于专注于一个单一话题。

2) Elliot Back 的博客(Elliot Back‘s blog)

http://elliottback.com/wp

作为自封的“计算机科学家”,Elliot对于每一件自己所关注的事情大放厥词,从为什么XML标准很糟,到泰坦尼克号的旅客名单,再到对好莱坞巨片《斯巴达300勇士》的影评。这个网站的内容多种多样,但是安排巧妙。此外,他还会提供一些非常棒的小贴士,比如如何增进系统的性能,以及屏蔽垃圾邮件。

3) Ed Foster 的牢骚录(Ed Foster‘s Gripelog)

www.gripe2ed.com/scoop

时下有一类新的博客网站涌现了出来,它们专门抨击和曝光那些侵害消费者权益的公司和产品,诸如数码产品恶劣的售后服务、粗糙的产品外观或是其他诸如此类的一些问题,但是Ed Foster可谓是这一行的开山鼻祖。看看他最新所关注的一些话题:有缺陷的DRM系统、plasma品牌电视机的质保陷阱,以及糟糕的移动电话服务质量。

4) Gadgetell

www.gadgetell.com

假如你想要了解最新的数码产品、电玩游戏新闻,以及其他相关的一些消息,这是一个很棒的网站。

5) 4sysops

http://4sysops.com

它为Windows系统的管理员们提供了非常优秀的小提示和操作教程。

(原文作者:LifeHacker,文章来源:computerworld,点击查看原文

原创壁纸

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  技巧一:将阿拉伯数字转换成大写数字

  年终财务总结中的一些数字,按国人的习惯,通常用大写的格式表示,直接输入大写字符吧,比较麻烦。其实,我们可以用转换的方法来解决:直接输入阿拉伯数字(如57689),然后选中它们,执行“插入→数字”命令,打开“数字”对话框,选中“数字类型”下面的“壹、贰……”(或“一、二……”)选项,“确定”返回,则相应的阿拉伯数字转换成大写数字(如“伍万柒仟陆佰捌拾玖”或者“五万七千六百八十九”)。
  
  注意:这种转换不支持带小数的数值(带小数的数字仅转换整数部分)。

  技巧二、把全角数字转换与半角数字

  下属各部门报来的总结材料中,其中的数字,有的是全角格式的,有的是半角格式的,看起来很不规范,我们将其统一转换成半角字符吧:按下“Ctrl+A”组合键选中全文,执行“格式→更改大小写”命令,打开“更改大小写”对话框,选中其中的“半角”选项,“确定”一下就成了。

  注意:这种转换对有全角和半角区分的所有字符都有效。

  技巧三、把数字加粗显示

  老板看了我整理的总结后,提出了一个小要求:为了突出数据,把总结中的数字都加粗显示出来!我是用“替换”的方法来实现的:执行“→替换”命令,打开“查找和替换”对话框。   

  在“查找内容”右侧的方框中输入“^#”,然后按下“高级”按钮,展开“高级”选项,然后把光标定在“替换为”右侧的方框中,再按“格式”按钮,在随后弹出的快捷菜单中,选择“字体”选项,打开“字体”对话框。

  选中“字型”下面的加粗选项,“确定”返回到“查找和替换”对话框,按下“全部替换”按钮即可。

  注意:如果“查找内容”右侧的方框中输入“[0-9]”,并选中“使用通配符”选项,然后仿照上面的操作,也可以实现上述目的。  

  技巧四、让word帮你计算增长率

  总结中经常出现“同比增长XX%”的字符,要完成这些简单的计算,我们再也不需要去按计算器了,word就可以帮你搞定:按下“Ctrl+F9”组合键,在文档中插入一个域记号(),然后在域记号中间输入计算式“=100*(今年数据-去年数据)/去年数据”(如=100*(10-11)/100),然后在域记号右外侧输入一个“ %”号。

  输入完成后,选中上述字符,右击鼠标,在随后弹出的快捷菜单中,选择“更新域”(或“切换域代码”)选项,相应的增长率(714%)就呈现在我们的面前了。


让你受益终身的10个Word实用技巧
 

  现在是讲效率的年代,使用Word来进行平时的办公处理也是一样,那么,我们怎样才能够在Word中“快”起来呢?那就请这位作者给我们带来的Word中快速操作的10个技巧,小编看完后也觉得相当实用。  

  1.快速定位到上次编辑位置

  用WPS编辑文件时有一个特点,就是当你下次打开一WPS文件时,光标会自动定位到你上一次存盘时的位置。不过,Word却没有直接提供这个功能,但是,当我们在打开Word文件后,如果按下Shift+F5键您就会发现光标已经快速定位到你上一次编辑的位置了。

  小提示:其实Shift+F5的作用是定位到Word最后三次编辑的位置,即Word会记录下一篇文档最近三次编辑文字的位置,可以重复按下Shift+F5键,并在三次编辑位置之间循环,当然按一下Shift+F5就会定位到上一次编辑时的位置了。

  2.快速插入当前日期或时间

  有时写完一篇文章,觉得有必要在文章的末尾插入系统的当前日期或时间,一般人是通过选择菜单来实现的。其实我们可以按Alt+Shift+D键来插入系统日期,而按下Alt+Shift+T组合键则插入系统当前时间,很快!

  3.快速多次使用格式刷

  Word中提供了快速多次复制格式的方法:双击格式刷,你可以将选定格式复制到多个位置,再次单击格式刷或按下Esc键即可关闭格式刷。

  4.快速打印多页表格标题

  选中表格的主题行,选择“表格”菜单下的“标题行重复”复选框,当你预览或打印文件时,你就会发现每一页的表格都有标题了,当然使用这个技巧的前提是表格必须是自动分页的。

  5.快速将文本提升为标题

  首先将光标定位至待提升为标题的文本,当按Alt+Shift+←键,可把文本提升为标题,且样式为标题1,再连续按Alt+Shift+→键,可将标题1降低为标题2、标题3……标题9。

   6.快速改变文本字号

  Word的字号下拉菜单中,中文字号为八号到初号,英文字号为5磅到72磅,这对于一般的办公人员来说,当然已经绰绰有余了。但在一些特殊情况下,比如打印海报或机关宣传墙报时常常要用到更大的字体,操作起来就有些麻烦了。其实,我们完全也可以快速改变文本的字号:先在Word中选中相关汉字,然后用鼠标单击一下工具栏上的字号下拉列表框,直接键入数值,即可快速改变您的字体大小。而且这个技巧在Excel和WPS 2000/Office中同样适用。

  小提示:其实,小编还有两种快速更改Word文本字号的方法:

  (1)选中文字后,按下Ctrl+Shift+>键,以10磅为一级快速增大所选定文字字号,而按下Ctrl+Shift+<键,则以10磅为一级快速减少所选定文字字号;

  (2)选中文字后,按Ctrl+]键逐磅增大所选文字,按Ctrl+[键逐磅缩小所选文字。

  7.快速设置上下标注

  首先选中需要做上标文字,然后按下组合键Ctrl+Shift+=就可将文字设为上标,再按一次又恢复到原始状态;按Ctrl+=可以将文字设为下标,再按一次也恢复到原始状态。

  小提示:详见本刊前期《Word XP中神奇的Ctrl键》一文,掌握一些快捷按键对快速、高效操作Word很有借鉴意义。

  8.快速取消自动编号

  虽然Word中的自动编号功能较强大,但是据笔者试用,发现自动编号命令常常出现错乱现象。其实,我们可以通过下面的方法来快速取消自动编号。

  (1)当Word为其自动加上编号时,您只要按下Ctrl+Z键反悔操作,此时自动编号会消失,而且再次键入数字时,该功能就会被禁止了;

  (2)选择“工具”→“自动更正选项”命令,在打开的“自动更正”对话框中,单击“键入时自动套用格式”选项卡,然后取消选择“自动编号列表”复选框(如图1),最后单击“确定”按钮完成即可;

  9.快速选择字体

  为了达到快速选择字体的目的,我们可以将常用字体以按钮形式放置在工具栏上。首先右击Word工具栏,选择“自定义“命令,打开“自定义”对话框,在“自定义”对话框中选择“命令”选项卡,并移动光标条到类别栏中的“字体”项,看到平时经常使用的字体,把它拖到工具栏成为按钮,以后要快速选择字体,只要先选中文本,再按下工具栏上字体按钮即可,省去了从字体下拉列表框中众多字体中选择的麻烦。

  10.快速去除Word页眉下横线

  快速去除Word页眉下的那条横线可以用下面的四种方法:一是可以将横线颜色设置成“白色”;二是在进入页眉和页脚时,设置表格和边框为“无”;第三种方法是进入页眉编辑,然后选中段落标记并删除它;最后一种方法是将“样式”图标栏里面的“页眉”换成“正文”就行了。

下文是比尔·盖茨今年6月7日在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的演讲的翻译。他在其中谈到了很多事情,包括他的学生时代、他的退学经历、以及他眼中人生最有意义的事情。我觉得内容非常好,完全改变了我对比尔·盖茨的看法,所以花了两个晚上翻译出来,希望让更多的人看到。

  President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

尊敬的Bok校长,Rudenstine前校长,即将上任的Faust校长,哈佛集团的各位成员,监管理事会的各位理事,各位老师,各位家长,各位同学:

I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: "Dad, I always told you I’d come back and get my degree."

有一句话我等了三十年,现在终于可以说了:“老爸,我总是跟你说,我会回来拿到我的学位的!”

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor. I’ll be changing my job next year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.

我要感谢哈佛大学在这个时候给我这个荣誉。明年,我就要换工作了(注:指从微软公司退休)……我终于可以在简历上写我有一个本科学位,这真是不错啊。

I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees. For my part, I’m just happy that the Crimson has called me "Harvard’s most successful dropout." I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … I did the best of everyone who failed.

我为今天在座的各位同学感到高兴,你们拿到学位可比我简单多了。哈佛的校报称我是“哈佛大学历史上最成功的辍学生”。我想这大概使我有资格代表我这一类学生发言……在所有的失败者里,我做得最好。

But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school. I’m a bad influence. That’s why I was invited to speak at your graduation. If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.

但是,我还要提醒大家,我使得Steve Ballmer(注:微软总经理)也从哈佛商学院退学了。因此,我是个有着恶劣影响力的人。这就是为什么我被邀请来在你们的毕业典礼上演讲。如果我在你们入学欢迎仪式上演讲,那么能够坚持到今天在这里毕业的人也许会少得多吧。

Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me. Academic life was fascinating. I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn’t even signed up for. And dorm life was terrific. I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House. There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn’t worry about getting up in the morning. That’s how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group. We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.

对我来说,哈佛的求学经历是一段非凡的经历。校园生活很有趣,我常去旁听我没选修的课。哈佛的课外生活也很棒,我在Radcliffe过着逍遥自在 的日子。每天我的寝室里总有很多人一直待到半夜,讨论着各种事情。因为每个人都知道我从不考虑第二天早起。这使得我变成了校园里那些不安分学生的头头,我 们互相粘在一起,做出一种拒绝所有正常学生的姿态。

Radcliffe was a great place to live. There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types. That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean. This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn’t guarantee success.

Radcliffe是个过日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多,而且大多数男生都是理工科的。这种状况为我创造了最好的机会,如果你们明白我的意思。可惜的是,我正是在这里学到了人生中悲伤的一课:机会大,并不等于你就会成功。

One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world’s first personal computers. I offered to sell them software.

我在哈佛最难忘的回忆之一,发生在1975年1月。那时,我从宿舍楼里给位于Albuquerque的一家公司打了一个电话,那家公司已经在着手制造世界上第一台个人电脑。我提出想向他们出售软件。

I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me. Instead they said: "We’re not quite ready, come see us in a month," which was a good thing, because we hadn’t written the software yet. From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.

我很担心,他们会发觉我是一个住在宿舍的学生,从而挂断电话。但是他们却说:“我们还没准备好,一个月后你再来找我们吧。”这是个好消息,因为那时 软件还根本没有写出来呢。就是从那个时候起,我日以继夜地在这个小小的课外项目上工作,这导致了我学生生活的结束,以及通往微软公司的不平凡的旅程的开 始。

What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence. It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging. It was an amazing privilege – and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.

不管怎样,我对哈佛的回忆主要都与充沛的精力和智力活动有关。哈佛的生活令人愉快,也令人感到有压力,有时甚至会感到泄气,但永远充满了挑战性。生 活在哈佛是一种吸引人的特殊待遇……虽然我离开得比较早,但是我在这里的经历、在这里结识的朋友、在这里发展起来的一些想法,永远地改变了我。

But taking a serious look back … I do have one big regret.

但是,如果现在严肃地回忆起来,我确实有一个真正的遗憾。

I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.

我离开哈佛的时候,根本没有意识到这个世界是多么的不平等。人类在健康、财富和机遇上的不平等大得可怕,它们使得无数的人们被迫生活在绝望之中。

I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics. I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.

我在哈佛学到了很多经济学和政治学的新思想。我也了解了很多科学上的新进展。

But humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity. Whether through democracy, strong public education, quality health care, or broad economic opportunity – reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.

但是,人类最大的进步并不来自于这些发现,而是来自于那些有助于减少人类不平等的发现。不管通过何种手段——民主制度、健全的公共教育体系、高质量的医疗保健、还是广泛的经济机会——减少不平等始终是人类最大的成就。

I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country. And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.

我离开校园的时候,根本不知道在这个国家里,有几百万的年轻人无法获得接受教育的机会。我也不知道,发展中国家里有无数的人们生活在无法形容的贫穷和疾病之中。

It took me decades to find out.

我花了几十年才明白了这些事情。

You graduates came to Harvard at a different time. You know more about the world’s inequities than the classes that came before. In your years here, I hope you’ve had a chance to think about how – in this age of accelerating technology – we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.

在座的各位同学,你们是在与我不同的时代来到哈佛的。你们比以前的学生,更多地了解世界是怎样的不平等。在你们的哈佛求学过程中,我希望你们已经思考过一个问题,那就是在这个新技术加速发展的时代,我们怎样最终应对这种不平等,以及我们怎样来解决这个问题。

Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause – and you wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives. Where would you spend it?

为了讨论的方便,请想象一下,假如你每个星期可以捐献一些时间、每个月可以捐献一些钱——你希望这些时间和金钱,可以用到对拯救生命和改善人类生活有最大作用的地方。你会选择什么地方?

For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.

对Melinda(注:盖茨的妻子)和我来说,这也是我们面临的问题:我们如何能将我们拥有的资源发挥出最大的作用。

During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country. Measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow fever. One disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year – none of them in the United States.

在讨论过程中,Melinda和我读到了一篇文章,里面说在那些贫穷的国家,每年有数百万的儿童死于那些在美国早已不成问题的疾病。麻疹、疟疾、肺 炎、乙型肝炎、黄热病、还有一种以前我从未听说过的轮状病毒,这些疾病每年导致50万儿童死亡,但是在美国一例死亡病例也没有。

We were shocked. We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them. But it did not. For under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren’t being delivered.

我们被震惊了。我们想,如果几百万儿童正在死亡线上挣扎,而且他们是可以被挽救的,那么世界理应将用药物拯救他们作为头等大事。但是事实并非如此。那些价格还不到一美元的救命的药剂,并没有送到他们的手中。

If you believe that every life has equal value, it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not. We said to ourselves: "This can’t be true. But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving."

如果你相信每个生命都是平等的,那么当你发现某些生命被挽救了,而另一些生命被放弃了,你会感到无法接受。我们对自己说:“事情不可能如此。如果这是真的,那么它理应是我们努力的头等大事。”

So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it. We asked: "How could the world let these children die?"

所以,我们用任何人都会想到的方式开始工作。我们问:“这个世界怎么可以眼睁睁看着这些孩子死去?”

The answer is simple, and harsh. The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it. So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.

答案很简单,也很令人难堪。在市场经济中,拯救儿童是一项没有利润的工作,政府也不会提供补助。这些儿童之所以会死亡,是因为他们的父母在经济上没有实力,在政治上没有能力发出声音。

But you and I have both.

但是,你们和我在经济上有实力,在政治上能够发出声音。

We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism – if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities. We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes.

我们可以让市场更好地为穷人服务,如果我们能够设计出一种更有创新性的资本主义制度——如果我们可以改变市场,让更多的人可以获得利润,或者至少可 以维持生活——那么,这就可以帮到那些正在极端不平等的状况中受苦的人们。我们还可以向全世界的政府施压,要求他们将纳税人的钱,花到更符合纳税人价值观 的地方。

If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world. This task is open-ended. It can never be finished. But a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change the world.

如果我们能够找到这样一种方法,既可以帮到穷人,又可以为商人带来利润,为政治家带来选票,那么我们就找到了一种减少世界性不平等的可持续的发展道路。这个任务是无限的。它不可能被完全完成,但是任何自觉地解决这个问题的尝试,都将会改变这个世界。

I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope. They say: "Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end – because people just … don’t … care." I completely disagree.

在这个问题上,我是乐观的。但是,我也遇到过那些感到绝望的怀疑主义者。他们说:“不平等从人类诞生的第一天就存在,到人类灭亡的最后一天也将存在。——因为人类对这个问题根本不在乎。”我完全不能同意这种观点。

I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.

我相信,问题不是我们不在乎,而是我们不知道怎么做。

All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing – not because we didn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do. If we had known how to help, we would have acted.

此刻在这个院子里的所有人,生命中总有这样或那样的时刻,目睹人类的悲剧,感到万分伤心。但是我们什么也没做,并非我们无动于衷,而是因为我们不知道做什么和怎么做。如果我们知道如何做是有效的,那么我们就会采取行动。

The barrier to change is not too little caring; it is too much complexity.

改变世界的阻碍,并非人类的冷漠,而是世界实在太复杂。

To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact. But complexity blocks all three steps.

为了将关心转变为行动,我们需要找到问题,发现解决办法的方法,评估后果。但是世界的复杂性使得所有这些步骤都难于做到。

Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems. When an airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference. They promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar crashes in the future.

即使有了互联网和24小时直播的新闻台,让人们真正发现问题所在,仍然十分困难。当一架飞机坠毁了,官员们会立刻召开新闻发布会,他们承诺进行调查、找到原因、防止将来再次发生类似事故。

But if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: "Of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one half of one percent of them were on this plane. We’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent."

但是如果那些官员敢说真话,他们就会说:“在今天这一天,全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中,只有0.5%的死者来自于这次空难。我们决心尽一切努力,调查这个0.5%的死亡原因。”

The bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of preventable deaths.

显然,更重要的问题不是这次空难,而是其他几百万可以预防的死亡事件。

We don’t read much about these deaths. The media covers what’s new – and millions of people dying is nothing new. So it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore. But even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem. It’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help. And so we look away.

我们并没有很多机会了解那些死亡事件。媒体总是报告新闻,几百万人将要死去并非新闻。如果没有人报道,那么这些事件就很容易被忽视。另一方面,即使 我们确实目睹了事件本身或者看到了相关报道,我们也很难持续关注这些事件。看着他人受苦是令人痛苦的,何况问题又如此复杂,我们根本不知道如何去帮助他 人。所以我们会将脸转过去。

If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.

就算我们真正发现了问题所在,也不过是迈出了第一步,接着还有第二步:那就是从复杂的事件中找到解决办法。

Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring. If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks "How can I help?," then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted. But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.

如果我们要让关心落到实处,我们就必须找到解决办法。如果我们有一个清晰的和可靠的答案,那么当任何组织和个人发出疑问“如何我能提供帮助”的时 候,我们就能采取行动。我们就能够保证不浪费一丁点全世界人类对他人的关心。但是,世界的复杂性使得很难找到对全世界每一个有爱心的人都有效的行动方法, 因此人类对他人的关心往往很难产生实际效果。

Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have — whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bednet.

从这个复杂的世界中找到解决办法,可以分为四个步骤:确定目标,找到最高效的方法,发现适用于这个方法的新技术,同时最聪明地利用现有的技术,不管它是复杂的药物,还是最简单的蚊帐。

The AIDS epidemic offers an example. The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease. The highest-leverage approach is prevention. The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose. So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research. But their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand – and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.

艾滋病就是一个例子。总的目标,毫无疑问是消灭这种疾病。最高效的方法是预防。最理想的技术是发明一种疫苗,只要注射一次,就可以终生免疫。所以, 政府、制药公司、基金会应该资助疫苗研究。但是,这样研究工作很可能十年之内都无法完成。因此,与此同时,我们必须使用现有的技术,目前最有效的预防方法 就是设法让人们避免那些危险的行为。

Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again. This is the pattern. The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working – and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century – which is to surrender to complexity and quit.

要实现这个新的目标,又可以采用新的四步循环。这是一种模式。关键的东西是永远不要停止思考和行动。我们千万不能再犯上个世纪在疟疾和肺结核上犯过的错误,那时我们因为它们太复杂,而放弃了采取行动。

The final step – after seeing the problem and finding an approach – is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.

在发现问题和找到解决方法之后,就是最后一步——评估工作结果,将你的成功经验或者失败经验传播出去,这样其他人就可以从你的努力中有所收获。

You have to have the statistics, of course. You have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children. You have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases. This is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.

当然,你必须有一些统计数字。你必须让他人知道,你的项目为几百万儿童新接种了疫苗。你也必须让他人知道,儿童死亡人数下降了多少。这些都是很关键的,不仅有利于改善项目效果,也有利于从商界和政府得到更多的帮助。

But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers; you have to convey the human impact of the work – so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.

但是,这些还不够,如果你想激励其他人参加你的项目,你就必须拿出更多的统计数字;你必须展示你的项目的人性因素,这样其他人就会感到拯救一个生命,对那些处在困境中的家庭到底意味着什么。

I remember going to Davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives. Millions! Think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life – then multiply that by millions. … Yet this was the most boring panel I’ve ever been on – ever. So boring even I couldn’t bear it.

几年前,我去瑞士达沃斯旁听一个全球健康问题论坛,会议的内容有关于如何拯救几百万条生命。天哪,是几百万!想一想吧,拯救一个人的生命已经让人何等激动,现在你要把这种激动再乘上几百万倍……但是,不幸的是,这是我参加过的最最乏味的论坛,乏味到我无法强迫自己听下去。

What made that experience especially striking was that I had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement. I love getting people excited about software – but why can’t we generate even more excitement for saving lives?

那次经历之所以让我难忘,是因为之前我们刚刚发布了一个软件的第13个版本,我们让观众激动得跳了起来,喊出了声。我喜欢人们因为软件而感到激动,那么我们为什么不能够让人们因为能够拯救生命而感到更加激动呢?

You can’t get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact. And how you do that – is a complex question.

除非你能够让人们看到或者感受到行动的影响力,否则你无法让人们激动。如何做到这一点,并不是一件简单的事。

Still, I’m optimistic. Yes, inequity has been with us forever, but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever. They are new – they can help us make the most of our caring – and that’s why the future can be different from the past.

同前面一样,在这个问题上,我依然是乐观的。不错,人类的不平等有史以来一直存在,但是那些能够化繁为简的新工具,却是最近才出现的。这些新工具可以帮助我们,将人类的同情心发挥最大的作用,这就是为什么将来同过去是不一样的。

The defining and ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the Internet – give us a chance we’ve never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.

这个时代无时无刻不在涌现出新的革新——生物技术,计算机,互联网——它们给了我们一个从未有过的机会,去终结那些极端的贫穷和非恶性疾病的死亡。

Sixty years ago, George Marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war Europe. He said: "I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation. It is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real significance of the situation."

六十年前,乔治·马歇尔也是在这个地方的毕业典礼上,宣布了一个计划,帮助那些欧洲国家的战后建设。他说:“我认为,困难的一点是这个问题太复杂, 报纸和电台向公众源源不断地提供各种事实,使得大街上的普通人极端难于清晰地判断形势。事实上,经过层层传播,想要真正地把握形势,是根本不可能的。”

Thirty years after Marshall made his address, as my class graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant.

马歇尔发表这个演讲之后的三十年,我那一届学生毕业,当然我不在其中。那时,新技术刚刚开始萌芽,它们将使得这个世界变得更小、更开放、更容易看到、距离更近。

The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.

低成本的个人电脑的出现,使得一个强大的互联网有机会诞生,它为学习和交流提供了巨大的机会。

The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor. It also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem – and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.

网络的神奇之处,不仅仅是它缩短了物理距离,使得天涯若比邻。它还极大地增加了怀有共同想法的人们聚集在一起的机会,我们可以为了解决同一个问题,一起共同工作。这就大大加快了革新的进程,发展速度简直快得让人震惊。

At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don’t. That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion — smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don’t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.

与此同时,世界上有条件上网的人,只是全部人口的六分之一。这意味着,还有许多具有创造性的人们,没有加入到我们的讨论中来。那些有着实际的操作经验和相关经历的聪明人,却没有技术来帮助他们,将他们的天赋或者想法与全世界分享。

We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another. They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60 years ago.

我们需要尽可能地让更多的人有机会使用新技术,因为这些新技术正在引发一场革命,人类将因此可以互相帮助。新技术正在创造一种可能,不仅是政府,还 包括大学、公司、小机构、甚至个人,能够发现问题所在、能够找到解决办法、能够评估他们努力的效果,去改变那些马歇尔六十年前就说到过的问题——饥饿、贫 穷和绝望。

Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.

哈佛是一个大家庭。这个院子里在场的人们,是全世界最有智力的人类群体之一。

What for?

我们可以做些什么?

There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world. But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name?

毫无疑问,哈佛的老师、校友、学生和资助者,已经用他们的能力改善了全世界各地人们的生活。但是,我们还能够再做什么呢?有没有可能,哈佛的人们可以将他们的智慧,用来帮助那些甚至从来没有听到过“哈佛”这个名字的人?

Let me make a request of the deans and the professors – the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves:

请允许我向各位院长和教授,提出一个请求——你们是哈佛的智力领袖,当你们雇用新的老师、授予终身教职、评估课程、决定学位颁发标准的时候,请问你们自己如下的问题:

Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

我们最优秀的人才是否在致力于解决我们最大的问题?

Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty … the prevalence of world hunger … the scarcity of clean water …the girls kept out of school … the children who die from diseases we can cure?

哈佛是否鼓励她的老师去研究解决世界上最严重的不平等?哈佛的学生是否从全球那些极端的贫穷中学到了什么……世界性的饥荒……清洁的水资源的缺乏……无法上学的女童……死于非恶性疾病的儿童……哈佛的学生有没有从中学到东西?

Should the world’s most privileged people learn about the lives of the world’s least privileged?

那些世界上过着最优越生活的人们,有没有从那些最困难的人们身上学到东西?

These are not rhetorical questions – you will answer with your policies.

这些问题并非语言上的修辞。你必须用自己的行动来回答它们。

My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here – never stopped pressing me to do more for others. A few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda. My mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: "From those to whom much is given, much is expected."

我的母亲在我被哈佛大学录取的那一天,曾经感到非常骄傲。她从没有停止督促我,去为他人做更多的事情。在我结婚的前几天,她主持了一个新娘进我家的 仪式。在这个仪式上,她高声朗读了一封关于婚姻的信,这是她写给Melinda的。那时,我的母亲已经因为癌症病入膏肓,但是她还是认为这是又一个传播她 的信念的机会。在那封信的结尾,她写道:“对于那些接受了许多帮助的人们,他们还在期待更多的帮助。”

When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given – in talent, privilege, and opportunity – there is almost no limit to what the world has a right to expect from us.

想一想吧,我们在这个院子里的这些人,被给予过什么——天赋、特权、机遇——那么可以这样说,全世界的人们几乎有无限的权力,期待我们做出贡献。

In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue – a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it. If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal. But you don’t have to do that to make an impact. For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them.

同这个时代的期望一样,我也要向今天各位毕业的同学提出一个忠告:你们要选择一个问题,一个复杂的问题,一个有关于人类深刻的不平等的问题,然后你 们要变成这个问题的专家。如果你们能够使得这个问题成为你们职业的核心,那么你们就会非常杰出。但是,你们不必一定要去做那些大事。每个星期只用几个小 时,你就可以通过互联网得到信息,找到志同道合的朋友,发现困难所在,找到解决它们的途径。

Don’t let complexity stop you. Be activists. Take on the big inequities. It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.

不要让这个世界的复杂性阻碍你前进。要成为一个行动主义者。将解决人类的不平等视为己任。它将成为你生命中最重要的经历之一。

You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time. As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had. You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have. And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort. You have more than we had; you must start sooner, and carry on longer.

在座的各位毕业的同学,你们所处的时代是一个神奇的时代。当你们离开哈佛的时候,你们拥有的技术,是我们那一届学生所没有的。你们已经了解到了世界 上的不平等,我们那时还不知道这些。有了这样的了解之后,要是你再弃那些你可以帮助的人们于不顾,就将受到良心的谴责,只需一点小小的努力,你就可以改变 那些人们的生活。你们比我们拥有更大的能力;你们必须尽早开始,尽可能长时期坚持下去。

Knowing what you know, how could you not?

知道了你们所知道的一切,你们怎么可能不采取行动呢?

And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy. I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world’s deepest inequities … on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.

我希望,30年后你们还会再回到哈佛,想起你们用自己的天赋和能力所做出的一切。我希望,在那个时候,你们用来评价自己的标准,不仅仅是你们的专业 成就,而包括你们为改变这个世界深刻的不平等所做出的努力,以及你们如何善待那些远隔千山万水、与你们毫不涉及的人们,你们与他们唯一的共同点就是同为人 类。

Good luck.

最后,祝各位同学好运。

(完)

如果忘记了 MySQL 的 root 密码,可以用以下方法重新设置:

1. KILL掉系统里的MySQL进程;

2. 用以下命令启动MySQL,以不检查权限的方式启动;

mysqld_safe -skip-grant-tables &

3. 然后用空密码方式使用root用户登录 MySQL;

mysql -u root

4. 修改root用户的密码;

mysql> update mysql.user set password=PASSWORD(‘新密码‘) where User=‘root‘; 
mysql> flush privileges; 
mysql> quit

 

5. 重新启动MySQL,就可以使用新密码登录了。

 

 更改mysql的root密码的几种方法

第一種︰

shell> mysql -u root mysql mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD(’new_password’) WHERE user=’root’; mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

第二種︰使用 set password 語法

shell> mysql -u root mysql mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root=PASSWORD(’new_password’);

第三種︰使用 mysqladmin命令

shell>mysqladmin -u root password new_password

 

遥控根据使用者是分为好多种方式的,LAMA 4原来买回来的适合是日本手。后来因为右手油门很不习惯,就把左右手对调了一下,改为反日本手,呵呵。现在觉得美国手比较科学,又换为美国手练习中….

中国手
左手升降+副翼
右手油门+方向

日本手
左手方向+升降
右手油门+副翼

美国手
左手油门+方向
右手升降+副翼

 
IRCHA 直升机动作难度7个等级中英对照

 


作者: IRCHA



国际遥控模型直升机协会(IRCHA)

直升机动作难度7个等级中英对照

 

第一级 (Level I)

第二级(Level II)

第三级(Level III) 

第四级(Level IV)

第五级(Level V) 

第六级(Level VI) 

第七级(Level VII)

 

 

第一级  (Level I)

Take-off(起飞)

Stationary Hover(静止停悬)

Hover Laterally(水平移动)

Multiple-level Hover(多重高度停悬)

3/4 Rear View Hovering45°角停悬)

Full Lateral View Hovering(侧面停悬)

Diagonal Hovering(对角停悬)

Circle Hovering

第二级(Level II)

Taxi Out(水平滑行)

Climb-Out(垂直爬升)

90 Degree Turns90°转向)

Flying Box(矩形飞行)

180 Degree Turns180°回转)

Straight and Level Flight(水平直线飞行)

Figure of Eight – Constant Heading, Hovering(机头定向8字飞行)

Figure of Eight – "Lazy 8"(水平快8字飞行)

Figure of Eight – Flying(水平8字飞行)

Traffic Pattern Approach to Landing(小角度降落航道)

Translational Descent(大角度降落航道)

Landing(著陆)

Stall Turn180°失速倒转)

Inside Loop(内浸斗)

Pirouette(原地旋转)

第三级(Level III)

Nose-in – Hover(对面停悬)

Nose-in – Circle(机头向内水平圆)

Nose-in – Take-off(对面起飞)

Nose-in – Landing(对面降落)

540 Stall Turn540°失速倒转)

Horizontal Roll(水平侧滚)

Immelmann Turn(英麦曼回转)

1/2 Cuban Eight1/2 古巴8字)

Loop w/Pirouette at the Top(内浸斗/顶点旋转 360°)

Flying Circle(水平圆)

Figure of Eight – Nose-in, Tail-in(机头向内、向外水平8字)

Autorotation Landing(熄火降落)

第四级(Level IV)

Sustained Inverted Flight(倒飞水平圆)

Sustained Inverted Hover(倒飞停悬)

Inverted Pirouettes(倒飞原地旋转)

Inverted Figure of Eight – Flying(倒飞水平8字飞行)

Consecutive Stationary Rolls(连续侧滚)

Auto 180 Degree Autorotation180°熄火降落)

Flips Forward(前滚翻)

Flips Backward(後滚翻)

Flips Laterally(侧滚翻)

Rolling Circle(侧滚水平圆)

Tumbles(各种滚翻)

第五级(Level V

Sustained Backward Flight(後退水平圆)

Sustained Backward Figure of Eight – Flying(後退8字飞行)

Sustained Backward Flight – Inside Loops(後退内浸斗)

Sustained Backward Flight – Rolls(後退侧滚)

Sustained Backward Inverted Flight(倒飞後退水平圆)

Sustained Backward Inverted Figure of Eight -Flying(倒飞後退8字飞行)  

Autorotation with inverted segment(倒飞熄火降落)

Knife Edge Pirouette(侧飞自旋 360°)

Death Spiral(侧飞水平螺旋下坠)

第六级(Level VI)

Sideways Flight(横向飞行水平圆)

Sideways Figure of Eight – Flying(横向8字飞行)

Sideways Inside Loops(横向内浸斗)

Sideways Outside Loops(横向外浸斗)

Sideways Rolls(横向滚翻)

Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Rolling(横向滚翻    机体侧滚)

Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Tumbling(横向滚翻    机体前後滚翻)

Pirouetting Figure of Eight(机体自旋8字飞行)

Inverted Pirouetting Figure of Eight(机体倒飞自旋8字飞行)

第七级(Level VII)

Pirouetting Inside Loop(机体自旋内觔斗)

Pirouetting Roll(机体自旋侧滚)

Stationary Pirouetting Tumbles(机体自旋原地滚翻)

Traveling Pirouetting Tumbles(机体自旋前进滚翻)

Pirouetting Outside Loop(机体自旋外觔斗)

Pirouetting Autorotation(机体自旋熄火降落)

Pirouetting Auger(机体自旋螺旋钻)

Straight Upright Flight(正立直线飞行)

 

 

第一级  (Level I)

Level I is the most basic of the program and is characterized by the pilot becoming SAFE and  Proficient  in  the  Hover  and  its  related  phases.  Pilot  position  for  most  of  the maneuvers shall be from the position of Tail-in towards the pilot.
第一级属於最基础的课程,主要是维护操控者的安全,熟悉停悬及相关动作的技巧。执行大多数的动作时,直升机的尾部需朝向操控者。

 

Take-off(起飞)

The take-off should be performed straight up from the landing area, at a constant rate of climb, with little lateral deviations. Come to a complete stop without any vertical bounce or dip, and little to no lateral wobble or drifting. The landing area is defined as a 1 meter diameter circle.
由降落区内将直升机垂直起飞,保持稳定的上升速度,上升的过程中允许轻微的横向偏移。直升机停止上升後,机体需保持完全静止不动,不可有任何的垂直上升或 下降,机体不可左右摇晃或漂移。降落区为直径1公尺的圆圈。

 

Stationary Hover(静止停悬)

1.  After  the  take-off,  coming  to  a  complete  stop  with  little  to  no  vertical  bounce,  dip, lateral drifting or wobble.
起飞後机体保持完全静止不动,不可有任意的垂直上升或下降,机体不可左右摇晃 或漂移。

2. Hold in the Stationary Hover for one (1) minute.
保持静止停悬1分钟。

3. The Stationary Hover should give the appearance of being under total control.
静止停悬时需表现出可完全掌控的模样。

行。

 

Hover Laterally(水平移动)

1. From take-off area hover forward ten (10) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
先将直升机在起飞区的上空保持停悬,然後水平前进 10 尺,保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。

2. From there hover backward twenty (20) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
然後水平後退 20 尺,保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。

3. From there hove forward ten (10) feet until you are over the landing area, then hover to the left ten (10) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
水平前进 10 尺,直到直升机到达降落区的上空,向左水平移动 10 尺,保持静止停 10 秒钟。

4. From there hover to the right twenty (20) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
然後向右水平移动 20 尺,保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。

5. From there hove back to the left ten (10) feet until you are over the landing area.
向左水平移动 10 尺,回到降落区的上空。

6. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

Multiple-level Hover(多重高度停悬)

1. Take-off, hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬5秒钟。

2. Climb straight up two (2) meters, hold for five (5) seconds.
垂直上升2公尺,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

3. Descend vertically two (2) meters, hold for five (5) seconds.
垂直下降2公尺,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

4. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

3/4 Rear View Hovering45°角停悬)

1. Take-off to Hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬5秒钟。

2. Rotate nose of helicopter either left or right forty-five (45) degrees, hold for five (5) seconds.
向左或向右将机头旋转 45°,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

3. Rotate the nose of the helicopter back to straight ahead, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头旋转 45°回到原来的方向,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

4. Continue rotating the nose of the helicopter forty-five (45) degrees to the other side, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头朝另外一边旋转 45°,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

5. Rotate the nose back to straight ahead, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头旋转 45°回到原来的方向,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

6. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

Full Lateral View Hovering(侧面停悬)

Same as 3/4 View Hovering, but in steps 2 and 4 rotate ninety (90) degrees instead of forty-five (45) degrees.
如同 45°角停悬一般,但在步骤2及4时,将机头旋转 90°。

 

Diagonal Hovering(对角停悬)

1.  After  take-off  from  the  landing  area  within  center  of  a  10  meter/yard  box,  from Stationary  Hover,  maintaining  a  constant  heading,  move  the  helicopter  diagonally  to  a corner of the box, hold for five (5) seconds, then return to the center of the box.
由边长为  10  公尺的正方形中心点的降落区起飞後,保持机头朝固定的方向,由静止停悬开始,将直升机飞往正方形的一个角落,保持静止停悬5秒钟,然後再飞回 正方形的中心点。

2. Repeat with the remaining 3 corners of the box.
对正方形的其馀3个角落,重覆执行步骤1。

3. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

Circle Hovering

1. Tail-in Circle(机头向外水平圆)

A. Take-off, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬5秒钟。

B. Move the helicopter to the right, keeping the tail pointed at the pilot, in a circle around the pilot.         Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机尾朝向操控者,以操控者为圆心,以顺时针的方向,执行直径  10  公尺的水 平圆。直到直升机到达起飞点的上空。

C. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step b above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤b。

D. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

2. Constant Heading Circle(机头定向水平圆) A. Take-off, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬5秒钟。

B. Move the helicopter to the right, keeping the tail pointed in the same direction, in a ten(10) meter circle in front of the pilot. Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机头朝固定的方向,在操控者的前面以顺时针的方向,执行直径 10 公尺的水平圆。直到直升机到达起飞点的上空。

C. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step b above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤 B

D. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

第二级(Level II)

Level  II  is  an  intermediate  level  of  proficiency  and  completion  of  this  level  takes  the pilot  to  the  level  of  a  well  rounded  pilot  capable  of  performing  Basic  Flight  skills. Intrinsic  to  this  level  is  successfully  completing  all  components  of  Level  I,  then advancing to the ability to FLY the helicopter in circuits. 第二级属於中等程度,使操控者有能力执行基础飞行的技巧。第二级的本质是要能 成功地完成第一级的所有动作,以及增进圆周飞行的能力。

 

Taxi Out(水平滑行)

1. Take-off from the landing area to eye-level, hold momentarily.
由降落区将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高,静止停悬几秒钟。

2. Hover forward slowly for no less than ten (10) meters.
缓慢地往前滑行至少 10 公尺的距离。

3. Turn into the prevailing wind direction and continue straight and level for no less than ten (10) meters.
将机头转至迎风面,并且继续水平直线前进至少 10 公尺的距离。

4. Either proceed to Climb-Out or Land within the landing area circle.
接下来可以直接进行"垂直爬升"的程序或降落程序,降落时机体必须在圆形的降落 区内。

 

Climb-Out(垂直爬升)

1. After Taxi Out, begin ascent by gradually increasing power/collective.
执行完"水平滑行"後,逐渐地增加油门/螺距,使机体开始上升。

2. Continue to climb until an altitude of approximately fifty (50) feet.
持续地爬升,直到大约 50 尺的高度。

3. Climb-out should be parallel to flight path and at a moderate speed.
垂直爬升的过程中,机体必须与航道平行,并且保持适当的上升速度。

 

90 Degree Turns90°转向)

After Climb-Out, turn 90 degrees in a direction away from pilot and spectators.
执行完"垂直爬升"後,将机头旋转 90°,使机尾朝向操控者及观众。

 

Flying Box(矩形飞行)

1. After completing the Climb-Out and first 90 Degree Turn, continue to fly straight and level.
执行完"垂直爬升"及第一个"90°转向"後,保持水平直线前进。

2. Execute another 90 Degree Turn, same direction as before.
执行第二个"90°转向",旋转的方向必须与第一个相同。

3. Continue as before until a box or rectangle has been formed.
继续执行步骤2的程序,直到飞行的轨迹能形成一个正方形或长方形。

 

180 Degree Turns180°回转)

1. While flying straight and level, execute a turn, hold this turn until the helicopter has come  around  back  to  the  same  direction  it  has  just  come  from,  straighten  out  and continue in straight and level flight.
先保持水平直线飞行,然後执行转弯的动作,回转 180°後对正航道,继续保持水平直线飞行。

2. Turns should be made turning away from the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右,以及由右至左,执行外侧回转(远离操控者)。

3. Turns should be made turning toward the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右,以及由右至左,执行内侧回转(接近操控者)。

 

Straight and Level Flight(水平直线飞行)

1. From the left to the right.
由左至右,执行水平直线飞行。

2. From the right to the left.
由右至左,执行水平直线飞行。

 

Figure of Eight – Constant Heading, Hovering(机头定向8字飞行)

1. Take-off to eye-level, hold momentarily.
将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高,静止停悬几秒钟。

2.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude,  speed  and  heading,  begin  a  forward  hovering circle to either the right or the left.
将直升机保持在同高度、同速度以及机头朝固定的方向,向右或向左开始执行水平 圆的动作。

3. As the helicopter reaches the take-off point, continue hovering forward and complete a circle in the opposite direction from before.
当直升机到达起飞点的上空後,以步骤2的方式,继续向另一侧执行水平圆的动作。

4.  Stop  over  take-off  point,  descend  vertically  and  land  completely  within  the  landing circle.
在起飞点的上空停止,然後垂直下降,降落时机体必须完全在圆形的降落区内。

 

Figure of Eight – "Lazy 8"(水平快8字飞行)

1. With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a turn that is greater than 180 degrees, away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,向外侧(远离操控者)执行大於 180°的转弯。

2. After the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, execute another turn that is greater than180 degrees, away from the pilot.
当直升机通过操控者後,再向外侧(远离操控者)执行另一次大於 180°的转弯。

3.  This  maneuver  must  be  done  starting  from  both  left  to  right  (first  turn  to  the  left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右(先向左转弯,逆时针),以及由右至左(先向右转弯,顺时针)执

 

Figure of Eight – Flying(水平8字飞行)

1. With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,开始执行外侧 3/4 水平圆(远离操 控者),使机头朝向操控者。

2. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,使机头再次朝向操控者。

3. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後,执行 1/4 水平圆,使机头与步骤1的水平直线飞行同向。

4. This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右(向左执行 3/4 水平圆,逆时针),以及由右至左(向右执行 3/4 水平圆顺时针),执行水平8字飞行。

 

Traffic Pattern Approach to Landing(小角度降落航道)

1.  From  straight  and  level  flight,  after  the  helicopter  passes  the  pilot,  execute  a  180 degree turn away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,开始执行外侧 180°转弯的动作(远 离操控者)。

2. Start to reduce speed and power.
开始减速及收油门。

3. After the helicopter passes the pilot, execute a 180 degree turn towards, continue to reduce power/collective so as to descend at a gradual angle to the landing zone.
当直升机再次通过操控者後,开始执行内侧 180
°转弯的动作(接近操控者),持续地降低油门/螺距,保持平缓的下降角度进入降落区。

4. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Translational Descent(大角度降落航道)

1. This is similar to the Traffic Pattern Approach, but the descent angle should be much greater (about 45 degrees) and the descend continues all the way to the landing.
"小角度降落航道"非常类似,但下降的角度比较大(约  45°),必须持续保持下 降直到著陆。

2. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Landing(著陆)

1.  This  landing  is  to  be  completed  as  part  of  a  Translational  Descent,  but  this  has  the added  requirement  that  both  the  take-off  and  landing  must  be  within  a  one  (1)  meter circle. The skids must be completely within the landing circle.
著陆是"大角度降落航道"须完成的动作之一,但特别要求起飞及著陆都必须在直径1公尺的圆圈内,脚架需完全落在降落区内。

2. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Stall Turn180°失速倒转)

1.  Starting  from  straight  and  level  flight  after  the  helicopter  passes  the  pilot,  the helicopter is smoothly pulled vertical (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,开始平滑地拉高机头(打升舵), 使机头朝上垂直爬升。

2.  When  the  vertical  climb  stops,  the  helicopter  is  rotated  180  degrees  about  the  yaw axis.
当直升机停止爬升後,将机头旋转 180°(机头朝下)。

3. The helicopter is allowed to fall the same distance that it climbed at the beginning of the maneuver before pulling the helicopter back to straight and level flight.
待直升机垂直俯冲的距离与垂直爬升的距离相同时,拉起机头恢复成水平直线飞行。

 4. This maneuver must be done both to the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Inside Loop(内浸斗)

 1.  Starting  from  straight  and  level  flight  after  the  helicopter  passes  the  pilot,  the helicopter is smoothly pulled through a loop (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,开始平滑地拉高机头(打升舵), 使飞行轨迹成为一个环状。

2. As the helicopter is "on its back", the pilot should reduce collective so as to keep the loop as round as possible.
当直升机处於倒飞状态时,必须减少螺距,尽可能使飞行轨迹成为圆形的环状。

 3. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Pirouette(原地旋转)

 1. From a stationary hover, execute a tail rotor only turn of 360 degrees to either the right or the left.
先保持静止停悬,然後方向舵打右舵或左舵,使机体原地旋转 360°。

 2. This maneuver must be done in both directions, to the right (clockwise) and the left (counterclockwise)
分别执行顺时针与逆时针方向的原地旋转。

 

第三级(Level III)

Level III is an advanced intermediate level of proficiency and completion of this level takes  the  pilot  to  the  level  of  a  pilot  capable  of  performing  all  Upright  Flight  skills. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of Level I and II, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in all upright orientations. 第三级属於中上程度,使操控者有能力执行所有的正面飞行技巧。第三级的本质是 要能成功地完成第一级与第二级的所有动作,以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。

 

Nose-in – Hover(对面停悬)

1. Take-off from the landing area (a 36" or 1 meter circle) to eye-level, hold momentarily.
由降落区将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高,静止停悬几秒钟。

2. Either Pirouette or Fly and stop in the Nose-in condition, the preferred method is to Pirouette to nose-in.
可以采取旋转或转弯的方式,将机头朝向操控者,建议采用旋转的方式比较好。

3. Hold in the Stationary Nose-in Hover for one (1) minute.
保持机头朝向操控者,静止停悬1分钟。

4. The Stationary Hover should give the appearance of being under total control.
静止停悬时需表现出可完全掌控的模样。

5. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

Nose-in – Circle(机头向内水平圆)

1. Take-off, move into a Nose-in Hover, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後机头朝向操控者,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

2.  Move  the  helicopter  to  the  right,  keeping  the  tail  pointed  away  from  the  pilot,  in  a circle around the pilot. Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机头朝向操控者,以操控者为圆心,以顺时针的方向执行水平圆的动作,直到 直升机到达起飞点的上空。
circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度,朝直径1公尺的圆形降落区降落。

3. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step 2 above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤2。

 

Nose-in – Take-off(对面起飞)

1. With the helicopter in the landing area, and the pilot standing in front of the helicopter,at a SAFE distance.
将直升机放在降落区内,操控者站在直升机的前面,并且保持安全的距离。

2. Take-off into a Nose-in hover.
起飞後保持对面停悬。

 

Nose-in – Landing(对面降落)

1. From a Stationary Nose-in Hover.
先保持对面停悬。

2. Land while still Nose-in, with the skids completely within the landing area.
以机头朝向操控者的方式降落,降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。

 

540 Stall Turn540°失速倒转)

1. Start by performing a Stall Turn similar to that in Level II.
开始的程序同第二级的"180°失速倒转"

2. Instead of rotating the helicopter only 180 degrees, this time rotate the helicopter 540 degrees (1-1/2 revolutions).
当直升机停止爬升後,将机头旋转 540°(机头朝下)。

3. This maneuver must be done both to the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Horizontal Roll(水平侧滚)

1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。

2. Then rolls slowly through one (1) complete revolution.
慢速侧滚一圈。

3. This maneuver must be done from the right to the left, and from the left to the right.
分别由右至左,以及由左至右执行。

 

Immelmann Turn(英麦曼回转)

1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。

2. Then perform 1/2 loop, to inverted.
执行 1/2 内浸斗,使直升机成为倒飞状态。

3. Then helicopter performs 1/2 roll to upright.
然後执行 1/2 侧滚,使直升机恢复成正飞状态。

4. Fly straight and level.
继续保持水平直线飞行。

5. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

1/2 Cuban Eight1/2 古巴8字)

1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。

2. Then perform 5/8 loop, helicopter should be inverted on a 45 degree down line.
执行 5/8 内浸斗,使直升机成为倒飞的姿态,机头向下 45°。

3. Then helicopter performs 1/2 roll to upright.
然後执行 1/2 侧滚,使直升机成为正飞的姿态,机头向下 45°。

4. Level out and fly straight and level.
拉高机头保持水平直线飞行。

5. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

 

Loop w/Pirouette at the Top(内浸斗/顶点旋转 360°)

1. Start by performing a Loop similar to that in Level II.
开始的程序同第二级的"内浸斗"

2. When the helicopter is inverted, add enough negative pitch to support the helicopter, and remove the Aft cyclic control.
当直升机到达最高点成为倒飞姿态时,增加负螺距使直升机的高度不会下降,将升 降舵回到中立点。

3. Perform a Pirouette while inverted.
倒飞旋转 360°。

4. Complete the Loop as normal.
继续完成内浸斗。

5. This maneuver must be done once with the Pirouette to the right and once with the Pirouette to the left.
在顶点倒飞旋转 360°时,需分别执行向右旋转及向左旋转的动作。

 

Flying Circle(水平圆)

1. Starting from a tail-in hover, rotate the helicopter 90 degrees.
先将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,然後将机头旋转 90°。

2.  Fly  in  a  circle  back  to  the  starting  point,  while  maintaining  constant  altitude,  and speed.
保持等高度及等速度,执行前进水平圆一圈後回到起始点。

3. This maneuver must be done circling both clockwise and counterclockwise.
分别以顺时针及逆时针的方式执行水平圆。

 

Figure of Eight – Nose-in, Tail-in(机头向内、向外水平8字)

1. Take-off to eye-level, hold momentarily, hover the helicopter out a a SAFE distance and height before starting this maneuver.
将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高,静止停悬几秒钟,保持安全的距离及高度。

2.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude,  speed  and  heading  begin  a  circle  to  either  the right or the left with the tail of the helicopter pointing to the center of the circle.
保持机尾朝向圆心,且以等高度、等速度的方式,执行水平圆。

3. As the helicopter reaches the starting point continue hovering, but in a circle in the opposite direction from before and with the nose of the helicopter pointing to the centerof the circle.
当直升机到达起始点後,改以机头朝向圆心,向另一侧执行水平圆。

4.   This maneuver must be  done  starting   the   nose-in   circle   both   clockwise   and counterclockwise.
分别以顺时针及逆时针的方向执行水平圆。

 

Autorotation Landing(熄火降落)

1. Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行,且高度不得低於 20 公尺,开始执行熄火降落。

 2. Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to a one (1) meter landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度,朝直径1公尺的圆形降落区降落。

3. The tail blades must stop before the helicopter touches the ground.
在著陆之前,尾旋翼必须停止转动。(无安装熄火降落组)

4. All of the helicopter landing skids must be within the landing circle.
降落时脚架需完全落在圆形的降落区内。

5. This maneuver must be done starting from the right and from the left of the pilot. The pilot may stand anywhere they wish during this maneuver.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行,操控者可以站在任意地方执行熄火降落。

 

第四级(Level IV)

 

Level IV is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to  the  level  of  a  pilot  capable  of  performing  the  beyond  the  basics  of  Inverted  Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use   extreme   caution   when   performing   these   advanced   maneuvers,   the   pilots   and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第四级属於高级程度,使操控者有能力执行基础的倒飞动作。第四级的本质是要能 成功地完成前三级的所有动作,以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时,必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。

 

Sustained Inverted Flight(倒飞水平圆)

1.   With   the   helicopter   inverted   fly   at   least   one   (1)   clockwise   and   one   (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area.
在飞行区域内,以顺时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈倒飞水平圆。

2. The idea is to learn control the helicopter as it is turning towards you and away form you.
这个动作是为了当机头或机尾朝向操控者时,学习如何操控直升机。

 

Sustained Inverted Hover(倒飞停悬)

1. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 /公尺内的高度,机尾朝向操控者,保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。

2. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose in, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 /公尺内的高度,机头朝向操控者,保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。

 

Inverted Pirouettes(倒飞原地旋转)

1. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 /公尺内的高度,机尾朝向操控者,保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。

2.  While  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  use  the  tail  rolor  to  rotate  the  helicopter clockwise90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度时,将方向舵打右舵,使直升机顺时针旋转 90°,保持静止倒 飞停悬 10 秒钟。

3.  While  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  use  the  tail  rolor  to  rotate  the  helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, the helicopter will now be Nose-In, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度,将方向舵打右舵,使直升机顺时针旋转 90°,此时机头朝向 操控者,保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。

4.  While  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  use  the  tail  rolor  to  rotate  the  helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度,将方向舵打右舵,使直升机顺时针旋转 90°,保持静止倒飞 停悬 10 秒钟。

5.  While  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  use  the  tail  rolor  to  rotate  the  helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, the helicoper will back to Nose-Out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度,将方向舵打右舵,使直升机顺时针旋转 90°,此时机尾又朝 向操控者,保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。

6. Repeat but rotate the helicopter counterclockwise.
重覆以上的动作,但是将方向舵打左舵,使直升机以逆时针的方向旋转。

 

Inverted Figure of Eight – Flying(倒飞水平8字飞行)

1. With the helicopter is flying straight and level inverted after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持倒飞水平直线飞行,当直升机通过操控者後,开始执行外侧 3/4 水平圆(远 离操控者),使机头朝向操控者。

2. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,使机头再次朝向操控者。

3. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後,执行 1/4 水平圆,使机头与步骤1的水平直线飞行同向。

4. This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右(向左执行 3/4 水平圆,逆时针),以及由右至左(向右执行 3/4 水平圆,顺时针),执行水平8字飞行。

 

Consecutive Stationary Rolls(连续侧滚)

1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态,持续地将副 翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。

2. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态,持续地将副 翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。

3.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Nose-In,  add  right  cyclic  and  flip  the  helicopter  to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态,持续地将副 翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。

4. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted,continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬,将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态,持续地将副 翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。
正立停悬姿态,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

 

Auto 180 Degree Autorotation180°熄火降落)

1. Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行,且高度不得低於 20 公尺,开始执行熄火降落。

2. Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to a one (1) meter landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度,朝直径1公尺的圆形降落区降落。

3. The helicopter must complete a 180 degree turn after the Autorotation has started.
熄火降落的程序开始执行後,直升机必须完成 180°转弯的动作。

4. All of the helicopter landing skids must be within the landing circle.
降落时脚架需完全落在圆形的降落区内。

5. This maneuver must be done starting from the right and from the left of the pilot, and the  180  degree  turn  must  be  done  both  clockwise  and  counterclockwise  from  each direction.        The pilot may stand anywhere they wish during this maneuver.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行,并且 180°转弯的动作必须以顺时针及逆时 针的方向各执行一次,操控者可以站在任意      地方执行熄火降落。

 

Flips Forward(前滚翻)

1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态,保持静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

2. From this inverted Nose-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬,将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的

3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态,保持静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

4. From this inverted Tail-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬,将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

 

Flips Backward(後滚翻)

1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态,保持静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

2. From this inverted Nose-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态,保持静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

4. From this inverted Tail-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

 

Flips Laterally(侧滚翻)

1. With the helicopter hovering Nose-Left, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝左保持停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的倒飞停悬姿态,保持 静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

2. From this inverted Nose-Left hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝左的倒飞停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的正立停悬姿态, 保持静止停悬5秒钟。

3. Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作,但是将副翼打左舵。

4. With the helicopter hovering Nose-Right, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝右保持停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的倒飞停悬姿态,保持 静止倒飞停悬5秒钟。

5. From this inverted Nose-Right hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝右的倒飞停悬,将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的正立停悬姿态,保持静止停悬5秒钟。

6. Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作,但是将副翼打左舵。

 

Rolling Circle(侧滚水平圆)

1. Fly a clockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式,执行顺时针方向的水平圆。

2. Repeat flying a clockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式,执行顺时针方向的水平圆。

 

3. Fly a counterclockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式,执行逆时针方向的水平圆。

4. Repeat flying a counterclockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式,执行逆时针方向的水平圆。

 

Tumbles(各种滚翻)

1.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Tail-In  pull  back  cyclic,  and  work  the  collective  to complete  at  least  two  (2)  full  back  tumbles  while  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Tail-In hover.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向,向後 翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後,机尾朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。

2. Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵,重覆步骤1,向前翻滚至少二圈。

3.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Nose-In  pull  back  cyclic,  and  work  the  collective  to complete  at  least  two  (2)  full  back  tumbles  while  maintaining  a  constant  altitude  and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Nose-In hover.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬,将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向,向後 翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後,机头朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。

4. Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵,重覆步骤3,向前翻滚至少二圈。

5. Fly straight and level form left to right as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, pull back cyclic, adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the back cyclic as the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling back flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持水平直线飞行,当直升机在操控者的正前方时,将升降舵拉升舵,控 制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度及前进速度,向後翻滚一圈完毕。继续保 持水平直线飞行。 

6. Repeat but start flying from right to left.
由右至左,重覆步骤5。

7. Fly straight and level from left to right at a moderate speed as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, add extra collective momentarily, then simultaneously push forward cyclic, and adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the forward cyclic until the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling front flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持适当速度的水平直线飞行,当直升机在操控者的正前方时,瞬间加大 主旋翼的螺距,同时将升降舵打降舵,控制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度 及前进速度,直到直升机向前翻滚一圈完毕。继续保持水平直线飞行。

8. Repeat but start flying form right to left.
由右至左,重覆步骤7。 

 

第五级(Level V)

 

Level V is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing beyond the basics of Backward Flight. Intrinsic to  this  level  is  successfully  completing  all  components  of  the  previous  levels,  then advancing  to  the  ability  to  control  the  helicopter  in  these  new  orientations.  Please  use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第五级属於高级程度,使操控者有能力执行基础的後退飞行。第五级的本质是要能成功地完成前四级的所有动作,以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时,必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。

Sustained Backward Flight(後退水平圆)

 

1.  With the helicopter upright fly backward  for  at  least  one  (1)  clockwise  and one  (1) counterclockwise circuits around your flying area.
在飞行区域内,以顺时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈後退水平圆。

 

Sustained Backward Figure of Eight – Flying(後退8字飞行)

1.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  pointing  to  the  left  over  the  landing  area,  move  the helicopter backwards to the right, then perform a 270 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝左保持停悬,向右後退飞行,然後执行外侧 3/4 水平圆, 此时机尾朝向操控者後退飞行。

2.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude  and  speed,  execute  a  360  degree  turn  in  the opposit direction, the helicopter should flying directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,此时机尾又朝向操控者後退飞行。 

3. Perform a 90 degree turn in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn, fly away straight and level and then fly backwards to the starting point above the landing area.
执行後退 1/4 水平圆,使机头与步骤1的停悬同向,保持後退水平直线飞行至降落区上空的起始点。

4.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Nose-In  over  the  landing  area,  move  the  helicopter backwards  away  from  the  pilot  perform  a  360  degree  turn.  The  helicopter  should  be flying backwards directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持停悬,以後退飞行的方式执行 360°水平圆, 此时机头朝向操控者并保持後退飞行(远离操控者)。

5.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude  and  speed,  execute  another  360  degree  turn  in opposite direction, the helicopter should be flying directly away from the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,此时机头又朝向操控者并保 持後退飞行(远离操控者)。

6. To complete this manuuver, fly backward to a hover above the landing area.
後退飞行至降落区的上空保持停悬,即完成此动作。

 

Sustained Backward Flight – Inside Loops(後退内浸斗)

 

1. With the helicopter upright and flying backward straight and level from the left to the right, when the helicopter is directly in front of the pilot, push forward cyclic and execute a Tail first Inside Loop. Use the collective to make the loop as round as possible.
由左至右保持後退水平直线飞行,当直升机在操控者的正前方时,将升降舵打降舵 执行内浸斗。控制主旋翼的螺距,尽可能使飞行轨迹成为圆形的环状。

2. Repeat but this time start by flying backward from right to left.
由右至左保持後退水平直线飞行,重覆执行步骤1。

 

Sustained Backward Flight – Rolls(後退侧滚)

 

1. While the helicopter is flying straight and level backward from left to right, before it reaches the pilot, roll the helicopter away from the pilot until completes one (1) roll. The helicopter should be flying inverted and backward as it passes in front of the pilot, the helicopter should continue to roll back to upright after is passes in front of the pilot. Use collective control to maintain constant altitude and speed. Fly away from the maneuver straight and level.
由左至右保持後退水平直线飞行,在直升机未到达操控者的正前方时,将副翼打右降舵执行侧滚(远离操控者)。当直升机到达操控者的正前方时,机体刚好成为倒 飞後退飞行,继续执行侧滚的动作,等到直升机通过操控者的正前方以後,机身便 恢复为正飞後退飞行。执行後退侧滚时,请控制主旋翼的螺距,以便维持固定的高 度及速度。

2. Repeat the above step but this time roll the helicopter toward the pilot.
重覆执行步骤1,将副翼打左舵执行侧滚(接近操控者)。

3. Repeat the above steps but this time flying backwards from the right to the left, and do both a roll to the left and to the right.
重覆执行步骤1及2,由右至右开始执行。

 

Sustained Backward Inverted Flight(倒飞後退水平圆)

 

1. With the helicopter inverted fly backward for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuits around your flying area.
在飞行区域内,以顺时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈後退水平圆。

 

Sustained Backward Inverted Figure of Eight -Flying(倒飞後退8字飞行)

1. With the helicopter hovering inverted pointing to the left over the landing area, move the helicopter backwards to the right, perform a 270 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝左保持倒飞停悬,向右後退飞行,然後执行外侧 3/4 水平 圆,此时机尾朝向操控者後退飞行。

2.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude  and  speed,  execute  a  360  degree  turn  in  the opposit direction, the helicopter should flying directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,此时机尾又朝向操控者後退 飞行。

3.  Perform a  90 degree  turn  in the  same  direction  as the  first 270  degree turn,  fly out straight and level and then fly backwards to the starting point above the landing area.
执行後退 90°转弯,使机头与步骤1的停悬同向,保持後退水平直线飞行至降落区上空的起始点。

4.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Nose-In  inverted  over  the  landing  area,  move  the helicopter  backwards  away  from  the  pilot  perform  a  360  degree  turn.  The  helicopter should be flying backwards directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持倒飞停悬,以後退飞行的方式执行 360°水 平圆,此时机头朝向操控者并保持後退飞行(远离操控者)。

5.  While  maintaining  constant  altitude  and  speed,  execute  another  360  degree  turn  in opposite direction, the helicopter should flying directly away the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度,向另一侧执行 360°水平圆,此时机头又朝向操控者并保 持後退飞行(远离操控者)。

6. To complete this manuuver fly, backward to a hover above the landing area.
後退飞行至降落区的上空保持倒飞停悬,即完成此动作。

 

Autorotation with inverted segment(倒飞熄火降落)

 

1. Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to  the  flight  line,  with  the  helicopter  inverted  and  to  the  pilot  right,  start  your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行,且高度不得低於  20  公尺,直升机保持倒飞姿态,向操控者 的右侧开始执行熄火降落。

2. During the Autorotation, roll the helicopter to upright.
在降落的过程中,将直升机侧滚成为正飞的姿态。

3. Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to the one (1) meter/yard landing 

4. Any part of the helicopter landing skids must be within the one (1) meter/yard landing circle.
降落时脚架的某一部份需落在圆形的降落区内。

5. Repeat but this time start the Autorotation to the pilot left.
向操控者的左侧重覆执行熄火降落。

 

Knife Edge Pirouette(侧飞自旋 360°)

 

1. With the helicopter flying straight and level form right to left, roll the helicopter to the left (toward the pilot), drop collective to zero degree, and while the helicopter is in knife edge flight at least one (1) full tail rotor turn (360 degrees) to the right (clockwise). Exit by rolling to the right, adding collective and fly away upright and level.
由右至左保持水平直线飞行,将副翼打左舵执行 1/4 侧滚(接近操控者)。降低主旋 翼的螺距成为0°,当直升机成为侧飞的状态时,以顺时针的方向至少执行一次 360°自旋,然後将副翼打右舵,增加主旋翼的螺距,使机体恢复成水平直线飞行。

2. Repeat step 1, but this time make the rail rotor turn to the left (counterclockwise).
重覆执行步骤1,但以逆时针的方向至少执行一次 360°自旋。

3. Repeat steps 1 & 2, but this time roll the helicopter to the right (away from the pilot). Exit by rolling back to the left.
重覆执行步骤1及2,但将副翼打右舵执行 1/4 侧滚(远离操控者)。结束时将副翼打左舵。

4. Repeat steps 1, 2 & 3, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左至右保持水平直线飞行,重覆执行步骤1、2及3。

 

Death Spiral(侧飞水平螺旋下坠)

 

1. With the helicopter hovering at a safe altitude, roll the helicopter to the left, until the rotor  blades  are  vertical,  the  helicopter  must  remain  horizontal  during  this  maneuver,

2.  The  helicopter  must  complete  at  least  three  (3)  complete  "forward"  tumbles  as  it  is falling sideways toward the ground.
当机体朝地面下坠时,至少须完成三次前滚翻的动作。

3. Roll back to the right to exit this maneuver.
将副翼打右舵,使直升机恢复成为水平飞行。

4.  Repeat  the  above  steps,  but  start  the  maneuver  by  rolling  to  the  right,  and  exit  by rolling to the left.
重覆执行步骤1、2及3,但将副翼打右舵执行 1/4 侧滚。结束时将副翼打左舵。

5.  Repeat  the  above  steps,  but  use  aft  cyclic  instead  of  forward  cyclic  completeing  at least three (3) "backward" tumbles.
重覆执行上述步骤,但将升降舵打降舵,至少须完成三次後滚翻的动作。

 

 

第六级(Level VI)

 

Level VI is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to  the  level  of  a  pilot  capable  of  performing  beyond  the  basics  of  Sideways  Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use   extreme   caution   when   performing   these   advanced   maneuvers,   the   pilots   and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第六级属於高级程度,使操控者有能力执行基础的横向飞行。第六级的本质是要能 成功地完成前五级的所有动作,以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时,必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。

 

Sideways Flight(横向飞行水平圆)

 

1. With the helicopter upright hovering Tail-In over the landing circle, fly sideways for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area. The nose of the helicopter must be pointing toward the center of the flight area.
在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式,对顺 时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈机头朝向圆心的水平圆。

2. With the helicopter rpright hovering Nose-In over the landing circle, fly sideways for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area. The nose of the helicopter must be pointing away from the center of the flight area.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持停悬,在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式,对顺 时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈机尾在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持 停悬,在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式,对顺时针及逆时针的方向,至少各执行一圈 机头朝向圆心的水平圆。朝向圆心的水平圆。

 

Sideways Figure of Eight – Flying(横向8字飞行)

 

1.  With  the  helicopter  hovering  Nose-Out  over  the  landing  area,  move  the  helicopter sideways to the right, perform a 270 degree Nose-In turn. The helicopter should now be flying sideways directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬,向右侧横向飞行,执行机头向内  3/4 水平圆,使机身右侧朝向操控者。

2. While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute a 360 degree Nose-Out turn, the helicopter should be flying sideways directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度,向另一侧执行机尾向内 360°水平圆,此时机身右侧又再 一次朝向操控者。

3.  Perform  a  90  degree  Nose-In  turn  fly  sideways  straight  and  level,  completing  the maneuver. Fly back to the starting point above the landing area.
再执行机头向内 1/4 水平圆後便完成此动作。将直升机飞回降落区上空的起始点。

4. Repeat the maneuver but this time start flying sideways to the left.
向左侧横向飞行,重覆执行上述的步骤。

5. With the helicopter hovering Nose-Right over the landing area, move the helicopter sideways directly away from the pilot, perform a 360 degree Nose-In turn. The helicopter should now be flying sideways directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝右保持停悬,向外侧(飞离操控者)开始横向飞行,执行 机头向内 360°水平圆,使机身侧面朝向操控者。

6.  Complete  the  maneuver  by  performing  a  360  degree  Nose-Out  turn.  The  helicopter should again be flying sideways directly away from the pilot.
再向另一侧执行机尾向内 360°水平圆後便完成此动作,此时机身侧面又再一次朝向操控者。

7. Repeat the maneuver, but this time start with the helicopter hovering Nose-Left.
将机头朝左保持停悬,重覆执行步骤5及6。
 

Sideways Inside Loops(横向内浸斗)

 

1. With the helicopter upright flying sideways Tail-In straight and level from left to right,as the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, apply collective and left cyclic to complete an inside loop.
保持机尾朝向操控者,由左向右开始横向水平飞行,当直升机通过操控者的前方时,加大主旋翼的螺距并且将副翼打左舵完成一个内浸斗。

2. Repeat with the helicopter flying sideways from right to left, and right cyclic.
重覆执行步骤1,但由右向左开始横向水平飞行,并且将副翼打右舵完成一个内浸斗。

3.  Repeat  both  of  the  above  loop,  but  this  time  the  helicopter  must  be  Nose-In  to  the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者,重覆执行步骤1及2。

 

Sideways Outside Loops(横向外浸斗)

 

1. With the helicopter upright flying sideways straight and level from left to right, as the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, apply collective and right cyclic to complete an outside loop.
保持机尾朝向操控者,由左向右开始横向水平飞行,当直升机通过操控者的前方时, 加大主旋翼的螺距并且将副翼打右舵完成一个外浸斗。

2. Repeat with the helicopter flying sideways from right to left, and left cyclic.
重覆执行步骤1,但由右向左开始横向水平飞行,并且将副翼打左舵完成一个外浸 斗。

3.  Repeat  both  of  the  above  loop,  but  this  time  the  helicopter  must  be  Nose-In  to  the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者,重覆执行步骤1及2。

 

Sideways Rolls(横向滚翻)

 

NoteA "roll" while flying sideways can be thought of in two different way.
注意∶当直升机保持横向飞行时,有二种不同的方式执行"侧滚"的动作。

1) In the normal way of rolling as a helicopter would normally fly or as
如同执行一般的侧滚动作或是

2) A roll as compared to the current direction of flight.
相对於目前飞行方向的侧滚动作。 So we will do both 所以两者的动作我们都要执行!

Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Rolling(横向滚翻    机体侧滚)

 

1. With the helicopter flying sideways Nose-Out straight and level from right to left, roll the helicopter to the left (the same direction as the helicopter is flying), use collective to maintain  altitude  and  speed  across  the  ground,  complete  at  least  one  (1)  roll.  Exit  by flying away sideways straight and level.
保持机尾朝向操控者,由右向左开始横向水平飞行,将副翼打左舵(与横向飞行的方向同向),控制主旋翼的螺距,使机体能保持固定的高度及横向速度,至少完成 一个侧滚。动作结束时保持横向水平飞行。

2.  Repeat  step  a,  but  this  time  make  the  roll  to  the  right  (opposite  the  direction  the helicopter is flying).
将副翼打右舵(与横向飞行的方向逆向),重覆执行步骤 1

3. Repeat steps a & b, but this time with the helicopter Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者,重覆执行步骤 1 2

4. Repeat steps a, b & c, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左向右开始横向水平飞行,重覆执行步骤 12 3

 

Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Tumbling(横向滚翻    机体前後滚翻)

 

a.  With  the  helicopter  flying  sideways  Nose-Out  straight  and  level  from  right  to  left, tumble  the  helicopter  forward  while  traveling  sideways,  use  collective  to  maintain altitude  and  speed  across  the  ground,  complete  at  least  one  (1)  tumble.  Exit  by  flying  away sideways straight and level.
保持机尾朝向操控者,由右向左开始横向水平飞行,将升降舵打降舵,控制主旋翼 的螺距,使机体能保持固定的高度及横向速度,至少完成一个前滚翻。动作结束时 保持横向水平飞行。

b. Repeat step a, but this time make the tumble backward.
升降舵拉升舵,重覆执行步骤a。

c. Repeat steps a & b, but this time with the helicopter Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者,重覆执行步骤a及b。

d. Repeat steps a, b & c, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左向右开始横向水平飞行,重覆执行步骤a、b及c。

 

Pirouetting Figure of Eight(机体自旋8字飞行)

 

1. With the helicopter hovering over the landing area, start pirouetting clockwise while the helicopter is pirouetting fly the helicopter in a Figure of Eight to the right. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying toward the pilot.
在降落区的上空将直升机保持停悬,机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋,并且朝右侧开 始执行外侧水平8字飞行。在8字形的中心点时,直升机是飞向操控者。

2. Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋,重覆执行步骤1。

3. Repeat step 1 above, but this time start the Figure of Eight by flying away from the pilot, pirouetting clockwise. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying away from the pilot.
机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋,并且朝右侧开始执行内侧水平8字飞行。在8字形 的中心点时,直升机是飞离操控者。

4. Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋,重覆执行步骤3。
 

Inverted Pirouetting Figure of Eight(机体倒飞自旋8字飞行)

 

1. With the helicopter inverted hovering over the landing area, start pirouetting clockwise while the helicopter is pirouetting fly the helicopter in a Figure of Eight to the right. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying toward the pilot.
在降落区的上空将直升机保持倒飞停悬,机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋,并且朝右 侧开始执行外侧水平8字飞行。在8字形的中心点时,直升机是飞向操控者。

2. Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋,重覆执行步骤1。

3. Repeat step 1 above, but this time start the Figure of Eight by flying away from the pilot, pirouetting clockwise. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying away from the pilot.
机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋,并且朝右侧开始执行内侧水平8字飞行。在8字形 的中心点时,直升机是飞离操控者。

4. Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋,重覆执行步骤3。

 

第七级(Level VII)

 

第七级属于高级程度,使操控者有能力执行基础的自旋动作。第七级的本质是要能 成功地完成前六级的所有动作,以及增进对于新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时,必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。

Pirouetting Inside Loop(机体自旋内觔斗)

 

1.  直升机由右向左飞行,机体开始自旋,当直升机通过操控者的正前方之时,机体 保持自旋并且执行一个内觔斗。安排副翼、升降舵及主旋翼螺距的打舵时机,使得 直升机的飞行轨迹形成一个圆圈。

2.  结束时机体保持自旋水平直线飞行。

3.  由左向右飞行,重复执行上述的步骤。

 

Pirouetting Roll(机体自旋侧滚)

 

1.  直升机由右向左飞行,机体开始自旋,在直升机未到达操控者的正前方时,机体 保持自旋并且执行外侧侧滚(飞离操控者)。当直升机到达操控者的正前方时,机 体刚好成为倒飞的姿态。安排副翼、升降舵及主旋翼螺距的打舵时机,使得直升机 能保持固定的高度、前进方向及速度。

2.  完成侧滚的动作后,机体保持自旋水平直线飞行。

3.  重复执行步骤1及2,但执行内侧侧滚(朝向操控者)。

 

Stationary Pirouetting Tumbles(机体自旋原地滚翻)

 

1.  直升机先保持停悬,机体开始自旋,机体保持自旋并且至少执行一个前滚翻。安 排副翼、升降舵及主旋翼螺距的打舵时机,使得直升机能保持在固定的高度。

2.  重复执行上述的步骤,但至少执行一个后滚翻。

 

Traveling Pirouetting Tumbles(机体自旋前进滚翻)

 

1.  直升机由右向左飞行,机体开始自旋,机体保持自旋并且至少执行一个前滚翻。安排副翼、升降舵及主旋翼螺距的打舵时机,使得直升机能保持固定的高度、前进 方向及速度。

2.  重复执行步骤1,但至少执行一个后滚翻。

3.  由左向右飞行,重复执行上述的步骤。

 

Pirouetting Outside Loop(机体自旋外觔斗)

 

1.  直升机由右向左飞行,机体开始自旋,当直升机通过操控者的正前方之时,机体 保持自旋并且执行一个外觔斗。安排副翼、升降舵及主旋翼螺距的打舵时机,使得 直升机的飞行轨迹形成一个圆圈。

2.  结束时机体保持自旋水平直线飞行。

3.  由左向右飞行,重复执行上述的步骤。

 

Pirouetting Autorotation(机体自旋熄火降落)

 

1.  机头保持与航道平行,且高度不得低于 20 公尺,朝操控者的右侧开始执行熄火 降落。在执行熄火降落的动作之前,机体不须保持自旋。

2.  执行熄火降落的过程中,机体至少需自旋3圈。

3.  保持平滑且稳定的下降速度,朝直径1公尺的圆形降落区降落。

4.  降落时脚架的某一部份需落在圆形的降落区内。

5.  重复执行上述的步骤,但由操控者的左侧开始执行熄火降落。注意:不限制执行 的次数,降落时只要脚架的某一部份落在圆形的降落区内即可。

 

Pirouetting Auger(机体自旋螺旋钻)

 

1.  先将直升机保持在任意的高度及方向,朝操控者的右侧开始执行螺旋钻的动作。 在执行螺旋钻的动作之前,机体不须保持自旋。

2.  要完成这项动作,至少机体的某一部份必须离地6英吋以内。

3.  注意:若降落区的泥土愈软则愈容易完成此动作。开玩笑的啦!您千万不要相信。

IRCHA 不鼓励执行此动作。

 

Straight Upright Flight(正立直线飞行)

 

1.  将直升机翻来滚去以后,有某些人会忘了如何正立水平直线飞行。本动作要求操 控者将直升机以正立飞行的方式,飞完一个油箱的燃油,至少需 10 分钟。

 drop collective and add forward cyclic.
先将直升机停悬在安全的高度,然後将副翼打左舵执行 1/4 侧滚,直到主旋翼回转 面成为垂直,机体必须保持水平,降低主旋翼的螺距成为0°,并且将升降舵打降 舵。

附件:ircha.pdf(294850 Byte)

附件:sc4.f3c.07.rev1.pdf(723236 Byte)