国际遥控模型直升机协会(IRCHA)
直升机动作难度７个等级中英对照
第一级 (Level I)
第二级(Level II)
第三级(Level III)
第四级(Level IV)
第五级(Level V)
第六级(Level VI)
第七级(Level VII)
第一级 (Level I)
Take-off（起飞）
Stationary Hover（静止停悬）
Hover Laterally（水平移动）
Multiple-level Hover（多重高度停悬）
3/4 Rear View Hovering（45°角停悬）
Full Lateral View Hovering（侧面停悬）
Diagonal Hovering（对角停悬）
Circle Hovering
第二级(Level II)
Taxi Out（水平滑行）
Climb-Out（垂直爬升）
90 Degree Turns（90°转向）
Flying Box（矩形飞行）
180 Degree Turns（180°回转）
Straight and Level Flight（水平直线飞行）
Figure of Eight – Constant Heading, Hovering（机头定向８字飞行）
Figure of Eight – "Lazy 8"（水平快８字飞行）
Figure of Eight – Flying（水平８字飞行）
Traffic Pattern Approach to Landing（小角度降落航道）
Translational Descent（大角度降落航道）
Landing（著陆）
Stall Turn（180°失速倒转）
Inside Loop（内浸斗）
Pirouette（原地旋转）
第三级(Level III)
Nose-in – Hover（对面停悬）
Nose-in – Circle（机头向内水平圆）
Nose-in – Take-off（对面起飞）
Nose-in – Landing（对面降落）
540 Stall Turn（540°失速倒转）
Horizontal Roll（水平侧滚）
Immelmann Turn（英麦曼回转）
1/2 Cuban Eight（1/2 古巴８字）
Loop w/Pirouette at the Top（内浸斗／顶点旋转 360°）
Flying Circle（水平圆）
Figure of Eight – Nose-in, Tail-in（机头向内、向外水平８字）
Autorotation Landing（熄火降落）
第四级(Level IV)
Sustained Inverted Flight（倒飞水平圆）
Sustained Inverted Hover（倒飞停悬）
Inverted Pirouettes（倒飞原地旋转）
Inverted Figure of Eight – Flying（倒飞水平８字飞行）
Consecutive Stationary Rolls（连续侧滚）
Auto 180 Degree Autorotation（180°熄火降落）
Flips Forward（前滚翻）
Flips Backward（後滚翻）
Flips Laterally（侧滚翻）
Rolling Circle（侧滚水平圆）
Tumbles（各种滚翻）
第五级(Level V
Sustained Backward Flight（後退水平圆）
Sustained Backward Figure of Eight – Flying（後退８字飞行）
Sustained Backward Flight – Inside Loops（後退内浸斗）
Sustained Backward Flight – Rolls（後退侧滚）
Sustained Backward Inverted Flight（倒飞後退水平圆）
Sustained Backward Inverted Figure of Eight -Flying（倒飞後退８字飞行）
Autorotation with inverted segment（倒飞熄火降落）
Knife Edge Pirouette（侧飞自旋 360°）
Death Spiral（侧飞水平螺旋下坠）
第六级(Level VI)
Sideways Flight（横向飞行水平圆）
Sideways Figure of Eight – Flying（横向８字飞行）
Sideways Inside Loops（横向内浸斗）
Sideways Outside Loops（横向外浸斗）
Sideways Rolls（横向滚翻）
Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Rolling（横向滚翻 – 机体侧滚）
Sideways Rolls – Helicopter is Tumbling（横向滚翻 – 机体前後滚翻）
Pirouetting Figure of Eight（机体自旋８字飞行）
Inverted Pirouetting Figure of Eight（机体倒飞自旋８字飞行）
第七级(Level VII)
Pirouetting Inside Loop（机体自旋内觔斗）
Pirouetting Roll（机体自旋侧滚）
Stationary Pirouetting Tumbles（机体自旋原地滚翻）
Traveling Pirouetting Tumbles（机体自旋前进滚翻）
Pirouetting Outside Loop（机体自旋外觔斗）
Pirouetting Autorotation（机体自旋熄火降落）
Pirouetting Auger（机体自旋螺旋钻）
Straight Upright Flight（正立直线飞行）
第一级 (Level I)
Level I is the most basic of the program and is characterized by the pilot becoming SAFE and Proficient in the Hover and its related phases. Pilot position for most of the maneuvers shall be from the position of Tail-in towards the pilot.
第一级属於最基础的课程，主要是维护操控者的安全，熟悉停悬及相关动作的技巧。执行大多数的动作时，直升机的尾部需朝向操控者。
Take-off（起飞）
The take-off should be performed straight up from the landing area, at a constant rate of climb, with little lateral deviations. Come to a complete stop without any vertical bounce or dip, and little to no lateral wobble or drifting. The landing area is defined as a 1 meter diameter circle.
由降落区内将直升机垂直起飞，保持稳定的上升速度，上升的过程中允许轻微的横向偏移。直升机停止上升後，机体需保持完全静止不动，不可有任何的垂直上升或 下降，机体不可左右摇晃或漂移。降落区为直径１公尺的圆圈。
Stationary Hover（静止停悬）
1. After the take-off, coming to a complete stop with little to no vertical bounce, dip, lateral drifting or wobble.
起飞後机体保持完全静止不动，不可有任意的垂直上升或下降，机体不可左右摇晃 或漂移。
2. Hold in the Stationary Hover for one (1) minute.
保持静止停悬１分钟。
3. The Stationary Hover should give the appearance of being under total control.
静止停悬时需表现出可完全掌控的模样。
行。
Hover Laterally（水平移动）
1. From take-off area hover forward ten (10) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
先将直升机在起飞区的上空保持停悬，然後水平前进 10 尺，保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。
2. From there hover backward twenty (20) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
然後水平後退 20 尺，保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。
3. From there hove forward ten (10) feet until you are over the landing area, then hover to the left ten (10) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
水平前进 10 尺，直到直升机到达降落区的上空，向左水平移动 10 尺，保持静止停 悬 10 秒钟。
4. From there hover to the right twenty (20) feet, hold for ten (10) seconds.
然後向右水平移动 20 尺，保持静止停悬 10 秒钟。
5. From there hove back to the left ten (10) feet until you are over the landing area.
向左水平移动 10 尺，回到降落区的上空。
6. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
Multiple-level Hover（多重高度停悬）
1. Take-off, hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬５秒钟。
2. Climb straight up two (2) meters, hold for five (5) seconds.
垂直上升２公尺，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
3. Descend vertically two (2) meters, hold for five (5) seconds.
垂直下降２公尺，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
4. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
3/4 Rear View Hovering（45°角停悬）
1. Take-off to Hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬５秒钟。
2. Rotate nose of helicopter either left or right forty-five (45) degrees, hold for five (5) seconds.
向左或向右将机头旋转 45°，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
3. Rotate the nose of the helicopter back to straight ahead, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头旋转 45°回到原来的方向，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
4. Continue rotating the nose of the helicopter forty-five (45) degrees to the other side, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头朝另外一边旋转 45°，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
5. Rotate the nose back to straight ahead, hold for five (5) seconds.
将机头旋转 45°回到原来的方向，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
6. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
Full Lateral View Hovering（侧面停悬）
Same as 3/4 View Hovering, but in steps 2 and 4 rotate ninety (90) degrees instead of forty-five (45) degrees.
如同 45°角停悬一般，但在步骤２及４时，将机头旋转 90°。
Diagonal Hovering（对角停悬）
1. After take-off from the landing area within center of a 10 meter/yard box, from Stationary Hover, maintaining a constant heading, move the helicopter diagonally to a corner of the box, hold for five (5) seconds, then return to the center of the box.
由边长为 10 公尺的正方形中心点的降落区起飞後，保持机头朝固定的方向，由静止停悬开始，将直升机飞往正方形的一个角落，保持静止停悬５秒钟，然後再飞回 正方形的中心点。
2. Repeat with the remaining 3 corners of the box.
对正方形的其馀３个角落，重覆执行步骤１。
3. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
Circle Hovering
1. Tail-in Circle（机头向外水平圆）
A. Take-off, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬５秒钟。
B. Move the helicopter to the right, keeping the tail pointed at the pilot, in a circle around the pilot. Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机尾朝向操控者，以操控者为圆心，以顺时针的方向，执行直径 10 公尺的水 平圆。直到直升机到达起飞点的上空。
C. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step b above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤ｂ。
D. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
2. Constant Heading Circle（机头定向水平圆） A. Take-off, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後保持静止停悬５秒钟。
B. Move the helicopter to the right, keeping the tail pointed in the same direction, in a ten(10) meter circle in front of the pilot. Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机头朝固定的方向，在操控者的前面以顺时针的方向，执行直径 10 公尺的水平圆。直到直升机到达起飞点的上空。
C. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step b above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤 B。
D. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
第二级(Level II)
Level II is an intermediate level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a well rounded pilot capable of performing Basic Flight skills. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of Level I, then advancing to the ability to FLY the helicopter in circuits. 第二级属於中等程度，使操控者有能力执行基础飞行的技巧。第二级的本质是要能 成功地完成第一级的所有动作，以及增进圆周飞行的能力。
Taxi Out（水平滑行）
1. Take-off from the landing area to eye-level, hold momentarily.
由降落区将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟。
2. Hover forward slowly for no less than ten (10) meters.
缓慢地往前滑行至少 10 公尺的距离。
3. Turn into the prevailing wind direction and continue straight and level for no less than ten (10) meters.
将机头转至迎风面，并且继续水平直线前进至少 10 公尺的距离。
4. Either proceed to Climb-Out or Land within the landing area circle.
接下来可以直接进行"垂直爬升"的程序或降落程序，降落时机体必须在圆形的降落 区内。
Climb-Out（垂直爬升）
1. After Taxi Out, begin ascent by gradually increasing power/collective.
执行完"水平滑行"後，逐渐地增加油门/螺距，使机体开始上升。
2. Continue to climb until an altitude of approximately fifty (50) feet.
持续地爬升，直到大约 50 尺的高度。
3. Climb-out should be parallel to flight path and at a moderate speed.
垂直爬升的过程中，机体必须与航道平行，并且保持适当的上升速度。
90 Degree Turns（90°转向）
After Climb-Out, turn 90 degrees in a direction away from pilot and spectators.
执行完"垂直爬升"後，将机头旋转 90°，使机尾朝向操控者及观众。
Flying Box（矩形飞行）
1. After completing the Climb-Out and first 90 Degree Turn, continue to fly straight and level.
执行完"垂直爬升"及第一个"90°转向"後，保持水平直线前进。
2. Execute another 90 Degree Turn, same direction as before.
执行第二个"90°转向"，旋转的方向必须与第一个相同。
3. Continue as before until a box or rectangle has been formed.
继续执行步骤２的程序，直到飞行的轨迹能形成一个正方形或长方形。
180 Degree Turns（180°回转）
1. While flying straight and level, execute a turn, hold this turn until the helicopter has come around back to the same direction it has just come from, straighten out and continue in straight and level flight.
先保持水平直线飞行，然後执行转弯的动作，回转 180°後对正航道，继续保持水平直线飞行。
2. Turns should be made turning away from the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右，以及由右至左，执行外侧回转（远离操控者）。
3. Turns should be made turning toward the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右，以及由右至左，执行内侧回转（接近操控者）。
Straight and Level Flight（水平直线飞行）
1. From the left to the right.
由左至右，执行水平直线飞行。
2. From the right to the left.
由右至左，执行水平直线飞行。
Figure of Eight – Constant Heading, Hovering（机头定向８字飞行）
1. Take-off to eye-level, hold momentarily.
将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟。
2. While maintaining constant altitude, speed and heading, begin a forward hovering circle to either the right or the left.
将直升机保持在同高度、同速度以及机头朝固定的方向，向右或向左开始执行水平 圆的动作。
3. As the helicopter reaches the take-off point, continue hovering forward and complete a circle in the opposite direction from before.
当直升机到达起飞点的上空後，以步骤２的方式，继续向另一侧执行水平圆的动作。
4. Stop over take-off point, descend vertically and land completely within the landing circle.
在起飞点的上空停止，然後垂直下降，降落时机体必须完全在圆形的降落区内。
Figure of Eight – "Lazy 8"（水平快８字飞行）
1. With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a turn that is greater than 180 degrees, away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，向外侧（远离操控者）执行大於 180°的转弯。
2. After the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, execute another turn that is greater than180 degrees, away from the pilot.
当直升机通过操控者後，再向外侧（远离操控者）执行另一次大於 180°的转弯。
3. This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（先向左转弯，逆时针），以及由右至左（先向右转弯，顺时针）执
Figure of Eight – Flying（水平８字飞行）
1. With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧 3/4 水平圆（远离操 控者），使机头朝向操控者。
2. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後，向另一侧执行 360°水平圆，使机头再次朝向操控者。
3. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後，执行 1/4 水平圆，使机头与步骤１的水平直线飞行同向。
4. This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（向左执行 3/4 水平圆，逆时针），以及由右至左（向右执行 3/4 水平圆顺时针），执行水平８字飞行。
Traffic Pattern Approach to Landing（小角度降落航道）
1. From straight and level flight, after the helicopter passes the pilot, execute a 180 degree turn away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧 180°转弯的动作（远 离操控者）。
2. Start to reduce speed and power.
开始减速及收油门。
3. After the helicopter passes the pilot, execute a 180 degree turn towards, continue to reduce power/collective so as to descend at a gradual angle to the landing zone.
当直升机再次通过操控者後，开始执行内侧 180°转弯的动作（接近操控者），持续地降低油门/螺距，保持平缓的下降角度进入降落区。
4. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。
Translational Descent（大角度降落航道）
1. This is similar to the Traffic Pattern Approach, but the descent angle should be much greater (about 45 degrees) and the descend continues all the way to the landing.
与"小角度降落航道"非常类似，但下降的角度比较大（约 45°），必须持续保持下 降直到著陆。
2. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。
Landing（著陆）
1. This landing is to be completed as part of a Translational Descent, but this has the added requirement that both the take-off and landing must be within a one (1) meter circle. The skids must be completely within the landing circle.
著陆是"大角度降落航道"须完成的动作之一，但特别要求起飞及著陆都必须在直径１公尺的圆圈内，脚架需完全落在降落区内。
2. This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。
Stall Turn（180°失速倒转）
1. Starting from straight and level flight after the helicopter passes the pilot, the helicopter is smoothly pulled vertical (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始平滑地拉高机头（打升舵）， 使机头朝上垂直爬升。
2. When the vertical climb stops, the helicopter is rotated 180 degrees about the yaw axis.
当直升机停止爬升後，将机头旋转 180°（机头朝下）。
3. The helicopter is allowed to fall the same distance that it climbed at the beginning of the maneuver before pulling the helicopter back to straight and level flight.
待直升机垂直俯冲的距离与垂直爬升的距离相同时，拉起机头恢复成水平直线飞行。
4. This maneuver must be done both to the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。
Inside Loop（内浸斗）
1. Starting from straight and level flight after the helicopter passes the pilot, the helicopter is smoothly pulled through a loop (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始平滑地拉高机头（打升舵）， 使飞行轨迹成为一个环状。
2. As the helicopter is "on its back", the pilot should reduce collective so as to keep the loop as round as possible.
当直升机处於倒飞状态时，必须减少螺距，尽可能使飞行轨迹成为圆形的环状。
3. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。
Pirouette（原地旋转）
1. From a stationary hover, execute a tail rotor only turn of 360 degrees to either the right or the left.
先保持静止停悬，然後方向舵打右舵或左舵，使机体原地旋转 360°。
2. This maneuver must be done in both directions, to the right (clockwise) and the left (counterclockwise)
分别执行顺时针与逆时针方向的原地旋转。
第三级(Level III)
Level III is an advanced intermediate level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing all Upright Flight skills. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of Level I and II, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in all upright orientations. 第三级属於中上程度，使操控者有能力执行所有的正面飞行技巧。第三级的本质是 要能成功地完成第一级与第二级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。
Nose-in – Hover（对面停悬）
1. Take-off from the landing area (a 36" or 1 meter circle) to eye-level, hold momentarily.
由降落区将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟。
2. Either Pirouette or Fly and stop in the Nose-in condition, the preferred method is to Pirouette to nose-in.
可以采取旋转或转弯的方式，将机头朝向操控者，建议采用旋转的方式比较好。
3. Hold in the Stationary Nose-in Hover for one (1) minute.
保持机头朝向操控者，静止停悬１分钟。
4. The Stationary Hover should give the appearance of being under total control.
静止停悬时需表现出可完全掌控的模样。
5. Land with the skids completely within the landing area.
降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
Nose-in – Circle（机头向内水平圆）
1. Take-off, move into a Nose-in Hover, hold hover for five (5) seconds.
起飞後机头朝向操控者，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
2. Move the helicopter to the right, keeping the tail pointed away from the pilot, in a circle around the pilot. Until the helicopter is hovering over the take-off point.
保持机头朝向操控者，以操控者为圆心，以顺时针的方向执行水平圆的动作，直到 直升机到达起飞点的上空。circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度，朝直径１公尺的圆形降落区降落。
3. Move the helicopter to the left, repeating step 2 above.
以逆时针的方向重覆执行步骤２。
Nose-in – Take-off（对面起飞）
1. With the helicopter in the landing area, and the pilot standing in front of the helicopter,at a SAFE distance.
将直升机放在降落区内，操控者站在直升机的前面，并且保持安全的距离。
2. Take-off into a Nose-in hover.
起飞後保持对面停悬。
Nose-in – Landing（对面降落）
1. From a Stationary Nose-in Hover.
先保持对面停悬。
2. Land while still Nose-in, with the skids completely within the landing area.
以机头朝向操控者的方式降落，降落时脚架需完全落在降落区内。
540 Stall Turn（540°失速倒转）
1. Start by performing a Stall Turn similar to that in Level II.
开始的程序同第二级的"180°失速倒转"。
2. Instead of rotating the helicopter only 180 degrees, this time rotate the helicopter 540 degrees (1-1/2 revolutions).
当直升机停止爬升後，将机头旋转 540°（机头朝下）。
3. This maneuver must be done both to the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。
Horizontal Roll（水平侧滚）
1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。
2. Then rolls slowly through one (1) complete revolution.
慢速侧滚一圈。
3. This maneuver must be done from the right to the left, and from the left to the right.
分别由右至左，以及由左至右执行。
Immelmann Turn（英麦曼回转）
1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。
2. Then perform 1/2 loop, to inverted.
执行 1/2 内浸斗，使直升机成为倒飞状态。
3. Then helicopter performs 1/2 roll to upright.
然後执行 1/2 侧滚，使直升机恢复成正飞状态。
4. Fly straight and level.
继续保持水平直线飞行。
5. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。
1/2 Cuban Eight（1/2 古巴８字）
1. Helicopter flying straight and level.
先保持水平直线飞行。
2. Then perform 5/8 loop, helicopter should be inverted on a 45 degree down line.
执行 5/8 内浸斗，使直升机成为倒飞的姿态，机头向下 45°。
3. Then helicopter performs 1/2 roll to upright.
然後执行 1/2 侧滚，使直升机成为正飞的姿态，机头向下 45°。
4. Level out and fly straight and level.
拉高机头保持水平直线飞行。
5. This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。
Loop w/Pirouette at the Top（内浸斗／顶点旋转 360°）
1. Start by performing a Loop similar to that in Level II.
开始的程序同第二级的"内浸斗"。
2. When the helicopter is inverted, add enough negative pitch to support the helicopter, and remove the Aft cyclic control.
当直升机到达最高点成为倒飞姿态时，增加负螺距使直升机的高度不会下降，将升 降舵回到中立点。
3. Perform a Pirouette while inverted.
倒飞旋转 360°。
4. Complete the Loop as normal.
继续完成内浸斗。
5. This maneuver must be done once with the Pirouette to the right and once with the Pirouette to the left.
在顶点倒飞旋转 360°时，需分别执行向右旋转及向左旋转的动作。
Flying Circle（水平圆）
1. Starting from a tail-in hover, rotate the helicopter 90 degrees.
先将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，然後将机头旋转 90°。
2. Fly in a circle back to the starting point, while maintaining constant altitude, and speed.
保持等高度及等速度，执行前进水平圆一圈後回到起始点。
3. This maneuver must be done circling both clockwise and counterclockwise.
分别以顺时针及逆时针的方式执行水平圆。
Figure of Eight – Nose-in, Tail-in（机头向内、向外水平８字）
1. Take-off to eye-level, hold momentarily, hover the helicopter out a a SAFE distance and height before starting this maneuver.
将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟，保持安全的距离及高度。
2. While maintaining constant altitude, speed and heading begin a circle to either the right or the left with the tail of the helicopter pointing to the center of the circle.
保持机尾朝向圆心，且以等高度、等速度的方式，执行水平圆。
3. As the helicopter reaches the starting point continue hovering, but in a circle in the opposite direction from before and with the nose of the helicopter pointing to the centerof the circle.
当直升机到达起始点後，改以机头朝向圆心，向另一侧执行水平圆。
4. This maneuver must be done starting the nose-in circle both clockwise and counterclockwise.
分别以顺时针及逆时针的方向执行水平圆。
Autorotation Landing（熄火降落）
1. Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行，且高度不得低於 20 公尺，开始执行熄火降落。
2. Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to a one (1) meter landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度，朝直径１公尺的圆形降落区降落。
3. The tail blades must stop before the helicopter touches the ground.
在著陆之前，尾旋翼必须停止转动。（无安装熄火降落组）
4. All of the helicopter landing skids must be within the landing circle.
降落时脚架需完全落在圆形的降落区内。
5. This maneuver must be done starting from the right and from the left of the pilot. The pilot may stand anywhere they wish during this maneuver.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行，操控者可以站在任意地方执行熄火降落。
第四级(Level IV)
Level IV is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing the beyond the basics of Inverted Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第四级属於高级程度，使操控者有能力执行基础的倒飞动作。第四级的本质是要能 成功地完成前三级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时，必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。
Sustained Inverted Flight（倒飞水平圆）
1. With the helicopter inverted fly at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area.
在飞行区域内，以顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈倒飞水平圆。
2. The idea is to learn control the helicopter as it is turning towards you and away form you.
这个动作是为了当机头或机尾朝向操控者时，学习如何操控直升机。
Sustained Inverted Hover（倒飞停悬）
1. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 码/公尺内的高度，机尾朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。
2. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose in, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 码/公尺内的高度，机头朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。
Inverted Pirouettes（倒飞原地旋转）
1. With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区 10 码/公尺内的高度，机尾朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。
2. While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度时，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转 90°，保持静止倒 飞停悬 10 秒钟。
3. While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, the helicopter will now be Nose-In, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转 90°，此时机头朝向 操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。
4. While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转 90°，保持静止倒飞 停悬 10 秒钟。
5. While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise 90 degrees, the helicoper will back to Nose-Out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转 90°，此时机尾又朝 向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬 10 秒钟。
6. Repeat but rotate the helicopter counterclockwise.
重覆以上的动作，但是将方向舵打左舵，使直升机以逆时针的方向旋转。
Inverted Figure of Eight – Flying（倒飞水平８字飞行）
1. With the helicopter is flying straight and level inverted after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持倒飞水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧 3/4 水平圆（远 离操控者），使机头朝向操控者。
2. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後，向另一侧执行 360°水平圆，使机头再次朝向操控者。
3. After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後，执行 1/4 水平圆，使机头与步骤１的水平直线飞行同向。
4. This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（向左执行 3/4 水平圆，逆时针），以及由右至左（向右执行 3/4 水平圆，顺时针），执行水平８字飞行。
Consecutive Stationary Rolls（连续侧滚）
1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副 翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。
2. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副 翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。
3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副 翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。
4. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted,continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副 翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
Auto 180 Degree Autorotation（180°熄火降落）
1. Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行，且高度不得低於 20 公尺，开始执行熄火降落。
2. Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to a one (1) meter landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度，朝直径１公尺的圆形降落区降落。
3. The helicopter must complete a 180 degree turn after the Autorotation has started.
熄火降落的程序开始执行後，直升机必须完成 180°转弯的动作。
4. All of the helicopter landing skids must be within the landing circle.
降落时脚架需完全落在圆形的降落区内。
5. This maneuver must be done starting from the right and from the left of the pilot, and the 180 degree turn must be done both clockwise and counterclockwise from each direction. The pilot may stand anywhere they wish during this maneuver.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行，并且 180°转弯的动作必须以顺时针及逆时 针的方向各执行一次，操控者可以站在任意 地方执行熄火降落。
Flips Forward（前滚翻）
1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
2. From this inverted Nose-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的
3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
4. From this inverted Tail-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
Flips Backward（後滚翻）
1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
2. From this inverted Nose-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞 姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
4. From this inverted Tail-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的 正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
Flips Laterally（侧滚翻）
1. With the helicopter hovering Nose-Left, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝左保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的倒飞停悬姿态，保持 静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
2. From this inverted Nose-Left hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝左的倒飞停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的正立停悬姿态， 保持静止停悬５秒钟。
3. Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作，但是将副翼打左舵。
4. With the helicopter hovering Nose-Right, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝右保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的倒飞停悬姿态，保持 静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
5. From this inverted Nose-Right hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝右的倒飞停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
6. Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作，但是将副翼打左舵。
Rolling Circle（侧滚水平圆）
1. Fly a clockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式，执行顺时针方向的水平圆。
2. Repeat flying a clockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式，执行顺时针方向的水平圆。
3. Fly a counterclockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式，执行逆时针方向的水平圆。
4. Repeat flying a counterclockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式，执行逆时针方向的水平圆。
Tumbles（各种滚翻）
1. With the helicopter hovering Tail-In pull back cyclic, and work the collective to complete at least two (2) full back tumbles while maintaining a constant altitude and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Tail-In hover.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向，向後 翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後，机尾朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。
2. Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵，重覆步骤１，向前翻滚至少二圈。
3. With the helicopter hovering Nose-In pull back cyclic, and work the collective to complete at least two (2) full back tumbles while maintaining a constant altitude and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Nose-In hover.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向，向後 翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後，机头朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。
4. Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵，重覆步骤３，向前翻滚至少二圈。
5. Fly straight and level form left to right as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, pull back cyclic, adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the back cyclic as the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling back flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持水平直线飞行，当直升机在操控者的正前方时，将升降舵拉升舵，控 制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度及前进速度，向後翻滚一圈完毕。继续保 持水平直线飞行。
6. Repeat but start flying from right to left.
由右至左，重覆步骤５。
7. Fly straight and level from left to right at a moderate speed as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, add extra collective momentarily, then simultaneously push forward cyclic, and adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the forward cyclic until the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling front flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持适当速度的水平直线飞行，当直升机在操控者的正前方时，瞬间加大 主旋翼的螺距，同时将升降舵打降舵，控制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度 及前进速度，直到直升机向前翻滚一圈完毕。继续保持水平直线飞行。
8. Repeat but start flying form right to left.
由右至左，重覆步骤７。
第五级(Level V)
Level V is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing beyond the basics of Backward Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第五级属於高级程度，使操控者有能力执行基础的後退飞行。第五级的本质是要能成功地完成前四级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这 些高级的动作时，必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。
